Hisham bin Abdul Malik: Rusafa ka khalifa, sehrai mahal aur munazzam khazana

Umavi khilafat ki tareekh mein unees baras ki aik taweel aur nisbatan pursukoon hukumat Hisham bin Abdul Malik (Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) ki hai, jo 724 se 743 tak khalifa rahe. Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq woh daswen Umavi khalifa the aur un ka daur Umavi khushhali aur shaan ka aakhri daur tha. Unhein do baaton ke liye yaad kiya jata hai: sarkari aamdan aur kharch ka kara hisab, aur Sham ke sehra ke kinare banwaye gaye mahal, bagh aur abpashi ke nizam.

Ibtidai zindagi

Britannica ke mutabiq Hisham 691 mein Damascus mein paida hue. Woh khalifa Abdul Malik bin Marwan ke bete aur sabiq khulafa Walid, Suleman aur Yazid sani ke bhai the. German muarrikh Julius Wellhausen ke mutabiq un ka naam un ke nana Hisham bin Ismail ke naam par rakha gaya, jo Quraish ke khandan Banu Makhzum se the. Britannica likhta hai ke khilafat se pehle Hisham Umavi darbar mein aik khamosh zindagi guzarte rahe aur kisi aham sarkari ohde par faiz nahin rahe.

Takht nashini

Wellhausen ke mutabiq un ke bhai Yazid sani ne unhein apna janasheen namzad kiya tha, aur January 724 mein Yazid ki wafat ke baad Hisham khalifa bane.

Rusafa: pasandida rehaish gah

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Hisham ko khilafat ki alamatein, yaani asa aur angoothi, Rusafa (Rusafa) mein milin, agarche qadeem muarrikh Tabari ki aik riwayat mein Homs ka naam aata hai. Rusafa shami sehra ke kinare, Raqqa se kuch faslay par, Roomi daur ki aik basti thi jise Hisham ne dobara aabad kiya tha. Wellhausen likhte hain ke woh Damascus ki aab-o-hawa ko Sehat ke liye achha nahin samajhte the, is liye khalifa banne ke baad bhi Rusafa hi mein rehna pasand karte rahe, albatta bait unhon ne darulhukumat Damascus mein li. Wellhausen ke mutabiq Hisham awami namood se katrate the aur aksar Rusafa ki tanhai mein reh kar kaam karte the.

Intizam aur khazana

Britannica ke mutabiq Hisham aik mohtat aur kifayat shaar muntazim the, jinhon ne sarkari aamdan aur akhrajat par bohat tawajjo di, aur baaz maakhiz unhein zarai mehsulat ke poore nizam ki islah aur tanzeem-e-nau ka sehra dete hain. Un ki bari fikr yeh thi ke wirasat mein mili hui wasee saltanat par intizami girift mazboot ho.

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Hisham ka diwan, yaani khazane ka daftar, is qadar munazzam tha ke baad mein Abbasi khalifa Mansur bhi is ki tareef karte the. Hisham ne yeh riwaj khatam kiya ke baasar logon ko fauji wazifa mehz riayat ke taur par mil jaye. Un ke daur mein yeh wazifa sirf usi ko milta tha jis ne khud jangi khidmat anjaam di ho ya apni jagah kisi dusre ko bheja ho, aur yeh usool Umavi shahzadon par bhi lagu tha. Wellhausen ke mutabiq Hisham ne apna hissa apne azad karda mulazim Yaqut ko de diya, jo un ki jagah muhim par jata tha.

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Hisham ne Umar bin Abdul Aziz ki kai maali islahat bhi dobara nafiz keen, jinhein un ke pesh-rau Yazid sani ne tark kar diya tha.

Zaraat aur abpashi

Hisham ke daur mein zarai zameenon ki aabadkari par bohat kaam hua. Wellhausen, Byzantine muarrikh Theophanes (Theophanes) ke hawale se, likhte hain ke Hisham ne dehat aur shehron mein mahal banwane, bagaat lagwane aur pani ke zaraye tayyar karwane ka kaam shuru kiya. Wellhausen ke alfaz mein is zamane mein "nehar hi jagir thi, aur mahal usi ka hissa tha", yaani zameen ki qadar us tak pohanchne wale pani se tay hoti thi.

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Dajla aur Furat ke zerein ilaqe ki daldali zameenon ko qabil-e-kasht banane ka kaam, jo Sasani daur ke aakhir mein band tootne se barbad ho gayi thin, Umavi daur mein khas taur par Walid awwal aur Hisham ke zamane mein aage barha. Wellhausen ke mutabiq Hisham khud bhi Walid ki tarah aik bare zamindar the, aur un ki zarai jagirein Rusafa aur Raqqa ke aas paas aur shumali Sham aur Jazira ke ilaqe mein thin.

Sehrai mahal

Britannica ke mutabiq Hisham ne tameerat ki aik bharpoor policy apnai aur Sham mein qilon aur mahalon ka aik poora silsila tameer karwaya. Britannica taqriban 710 se 750 ke daur ke Umavi "sehrai mahalat" ki jo fehrist deta hai, us mein Rusafa ke sath Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi aur Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi bhi shamil hain.

Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi (Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi) Sham ke sehra mein waqe hai. Is ke dakhli darwaze par lage aik katbe ke mutabiq ise Hisham ne 727 mein tameer karwaya. Is complex mein mahal ke sath aik hammam, ghaliban aik sarai, zaitoon ke tel ke karkhane aur aik sairab bagh tha, jise door ke aik band se aane wala pani milta tha. Is mahal ka naqsh-o-nigar se bhara hua gach kari wala darwaza beswin sadi mein ukhaar kar Damascus muntaqil kiya gaya, jahan ab yeh Damascus ke qaumi ajaib ghar ka sadr darwaza hai.

Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi (Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi) is se mashriq mein sehra ke andar hai aur is ki tameer 728-729 ki batai jati hai. American mahir-e-fan-e-Islami Oleg Grabar (Oleg Grabar) ne 1964 se 1971 tak yahan khudai ki. Is ke khandrat teen hisson par mushtamil hain, aik chota ahata, aik bara ahata aur aik bairooni ahata, jin ke gird moti faseelein aur burj the. Yahan aik istaqbalia hall, hammam, bagaat aur zaitoon ke bagh the. Yahan pani taqriban 5.7 kilometre lambi aik nehar ke zariye pohnchaya jata tha.

UNESCO ke mutabiq Qasr al-Hayr ke dono mahalon ke khandrat mein aaj sajawat ke bohat kam hisse apni jagah baqi hain.

Wafat

Wellhausen ke mutabiq Hisham ka intiqal Budh, 6 Rabi-us-sani 125 Hijri, yaani 6 February 743 ko Rusafa mein hua, jabke Britannica un ki wafat ki jagah Damascus likhta hai. Us waqt un ki umar pachas baras ke lag bhag thi. Britannica ke mutabiq Hisham chahte the ke un ka apna beta wali ahd bane, magar unhein Yazid sani ka namzad karda wali ahd qabool karna para, chunancha un ke baad un ke bhatije Walid bin Yazid khalifa bane.

Wirsa

Hisham ke baad Umavi khilafat sirf saat baras aur chali. Un ke daur ke munazzam diwan ka zikr Abbasi daur mein bhi aik misal ke taur par hota raha. Un ki sab se numayan jismani nishaniyan Sham ke sehra mein Qasr al-Hayr ke do mahalon ke khandrat aur un ke sath bane pani ke nizam hain, jo batate hain ke athwin sadi mein sehra ke kinare barish ke pani, bandon aur neharon ki madad se kheti bari kaise ki jati thi. Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi ka gach kari wala darwaza aaj Damascus mein har aane wale ka istaqbal karta hai.