Harun al-Rashid: Tareekh ka khalifa aur dastanon ka badshah

Aathwin sadi eesvi ke aakhir mein dunya ke sab se bade shehron mein se ek Baghdad tha, jise Abbasi khalifa Al-Mansur ne Dajla ke kinare apna darul-hukumat banaya tha. Isi shehr se 786 se 809 tak Harun al-Rashid (Harun al-Rashid) ne ek aisi saltanat par hukumat ki jo shumali Africa se wasat Asia tak phaili hui thi. Bohat se log unhein "Alif Laila" ki kahaniyon se jante hain, magar un ke peechhe ek haqiqi hukmran tha jis ka daur Abbasi khilafat ka urooj samjha jata hai.

Ibtidai zindagi

Harun Abbasi khalifa Al-Mahdi ke bete the aur un ki walida ka naam Khayzuran tha. Un ke saal-e-paidaish ke bare mein riwayat mukhtalif hain: baaz riwayat ke mutabiq 763 aur baaz ke mutabiq 766. British muarrikh William Muir (William Muir) ke mutabiq wafat ke waqt un ki umr saintalis baras thi.

Khilafat se pehle hi Harun ko fauji Muhimmat ki command saunp di gayi thi. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq 782 mein un ke walid ne unhein Byzantine malika Irene (Irene) ki afwaj ke khilaf bheja, aur Byzantinyon ko sulah karni padi. Muir ke mutabiq is muhim se khush ho kar walid ne unhein maghribi soobon ka nigran banaya aur do baras baad "Al-Rashid" yani "rast-rau" ke laqab ke saath wali ahd doam muqarrar kiya.

Khilafat aur Barmakah

Al-Mahdi ki wafat ke baad Harun ke bade bhai Al-Hadi khalifa bane, magar un ka daur ek saal se kuch zyada hi raha. September 786 mein Al-Hadi ki wafat par Harun khalifa bane.

Hukumat ke intezam ke liye Harun ne apne ataleeq Yahya bin Khalid Barmaki ko wazir muqarrar kiya. Muir ke mutabiq Yahya ke do bete Fazl aur Jafar bhi saltanat mein ghair mamooli ikhtiyarat rakhte the; Fazl ek qabil muntazim the aur Jafar khalifa ke qareebi saathi. Barmakah (Barmakids) ka yeh khandan taqriban satrah baras tak hukumat ke intezam par chhaya raha.

Phir 803 mein achanak khalifa ne is khandan ke khilaf karwai ki: Jafar ko qatl kar diya gaya, baqi afrad giraftar hue aur un ki jaidadein zabt kar li gayin. Is waqiye ki asl wujuhat aaj bhi muarrikhin ke han wazeh nahin. Qadeem muarrikh Tabari ne kayi wujuhat ginwayi hain, jabke jadeed muarrikhin ka ek khayal yeh hai ke khalifa ek aise giroh se nijat chahta tha jo us ke ikhtiyar ko mehdood kar sakta tha. Muir ne is waqiye ko Harun ke naam par ek "anmit daagh" qarar diya hai.

Saltanat ka intezam aur Raqqa

Muir ke mutabiq Harun ne hukumat ke aath nau baras baad Baghdad chhor kar Sham ke shumal mein Raqqa (Raqqa) ko apna mustaqar bana liya, aur is ki zahiri wajah Sham ke ilaqe par nazar rakhna batayi jati hai. Aam tor par is muntaqili ka saal 796 bataya jata hai.

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Africa (maujooda Tunisia aur atraf) ka soba mehnga aur bechain tha, chunancha 800 mein Ibrahim bin Aghlab ko wahan ka hukmran tasleem kar liya gaya, is shart par ke woh khalifa ki itaat karein aur salana kharaj ada karein. Yun Aghlabi khandan ki bunyad padi, jise yeh makhaz saltanat ke bikharne ka nuqta-e-aghaz qarar deta hai.

Muir ke mutabiq Harun ne kayi bar Hajj kiya, aur qadeem muarrikhin ke mutabiq un ki wafat ke waqt sarkari khazane mein nabbe crore dirham maujood the.

Byzantinyon se jangein

Harun ke daur mein Byzantine saltanat se jangein jari rahin, aur Muir ke mutabiq Harun aksar khud maidan mein jate the. 802 mein Nikephoros awwal (Nikephoros I) Byzantine takht par baithe to unhon ne kharaj dene se inkar karte hue Harun ko ek sakht khat likha. Muarrikhin ke mutabiq Harun ne isi khat ki pusht par jawab likha ke is ka jawab "tum sunoge nahin, dekhoge". Is ke baad Asia-e-Kochak mein Muhimmat hueen aur World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq 806 ki badi muhim ke baad Byzantine shahenshah ko mazeed sakht sharait par sulah karni padi.

Charlemagne aur door daraz safaratein

Harun ke daur ka ek dilchasp pehlu Franki badshah Charlemagne (Charlemagne) se talluqat hain. Charlemagne ke ham asr sawanih nigar Einhard (Einhard) likhte hain ke dono hukmranon ke darmiyan gehri dosti thi, Charlemagne ke safiron ko Bait-ul-Maqdis ke muqaddas maqamat tak rasai di gayi, aur Harun ne Charlemagne ko kapde, masale aur ek hathi tohfe mein bheja. Muir ke mutabiq Charlemagne ke safiron ko diye gaye tohfon mein ek pani ki ghari bhi shamil thi, taham Musalman muarrikhin ne is safarat ka zikr nahin kiya. Muir hi ke mutabiq Harun ne ek safarat China ke shahenshah ke paas bhi bheji.

Ilm o adab ka daur

Muir ke mutabiq har taraf se ahl-e-ilm un ke darbar ka rukh karte the aur khitabat, shayari, tareekh, qanoon, science, tibb aur moseeqi ki sarparasti ki jati thi, jis ke samrat baad ke adwar mein samne aaye. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Baghdad ka mashhoor kutub khana aur ilmi idara "Bait-ul-Hikmah" bhi isi daur mein qayam hua, jahan Yunani uloom ki kitabon ka Arabi mein tarjuma kiya gaya, agarche is idare ki taraqqi ka bada hissa baad ke khalifa Al-Mamun ke daur se bhi mansoob kiya jata hai.

Janshini aur aakhri ayyam

Harun ne apne bete Al-Amin ko pehla aur Al-Mamun ko doosra wali ahd muqarrar kiya, aur saltanat ke mashriqi hisse ka intezam Al-Mamun ke supurd karne ka mansooba banaya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq yeh mansooba nakam raha aur Harun ki wafat ke baad dono bhaiyon mein khana jangi chhid gayi.

Zindagi ke aakhri barson mein Samarkand mein Rafi bin Laith ki baghawat ne Harun ko mashriq ka rukh karne par majboor kiya. Muir ke mutabiq woh 808 ke awakhir mein Raqqa se rawana hue, raste mein beemar par gaye aur March 809 mein Khorasan ke shehr Tus mein intiqal kar gaye, jahan unhein dafn kiya gaya.

Tareekh aur dastan

Harun al-Rashid "Alif Laila wa Laila" (Thousand and One Nights) ki kayi kahaniyon mein ek kirdar ke tor par aate hain, jin mein woh bhes badal kar Baghdad ki galiyon mein ghoomte hain. Magar yeh kahaniyan sadiyon mein mukhtalif ilaqon mein jama hueen aur un ka maqsad tareekh bayan karna nahin tha. Muir ke alfaz mein mashriqi dastanon ke "sehar" ne Harun ki zindagi ke gird ek masnooi chamak paida kar di, lekin tareekh ki sada haqiqaton ke baad bhi un ke daur ki shaan o shaukat hairan kun rehti hai.

Muarrikhin Harun ke bare mein mili juli raye rakhte hain. Muir unhein Abbasi khandan ke qabil tareen hukmranon mein shumar karte hain aur un ki intezamiya ko majmui tor par munsifana aur khushhal qarar dete hain, magar saath hi un ke baaz sakht iqdamat par tanqeed bhi karte hain. Muir ke mutabiq German muarrikh Gustav Weil (Gustav Weil) ki raye is se kahin zyada sakht thi.

Harun al-Rashid ka daur Baghdad ki shaan, ilmi sarparasti aur door daraz ki safaraton ki wajah se yaad rakha jata hai, jabke un ki janshini ka mansooba un ke baad ek taweel khana jangi ka sabab bana. Dastanon ka Harun aur tareekh ka Harun ek hi shakhs hain, magar dono ko alag pehchanna zaroori hai.