Ghiyas ud-Din Balban: Naib-e-Saltanat se Sultan tak

Terhvin sadi ki Saltanat-e-Dehli mein ek shakhs taqriban chalis baras tak iqtidar ke markaz mein raha: pehle bees baras Sultan Nasir ud-Din Mahmud ke naib ki haisiyat se, aur phir 1266 se 1287 tak khud Sultan ki haisiyat se. Yeh Ghiyas ud-Din Balban (Ghiyas ud-Din Balban) the. Britannica ke mutabiq un ke daur mein Dehli Saltanat ko taqriban chalis baras ka istehkam mila.

Ibtidai zindagi

British muarrikh Stanley Lane-Poole (Stanley Lane-Poole) ke mutabiq Balban Turk the aur Iltutmish hi ke ilaqe se talluq rakhte the. Un ka khandan Turkistan mein ek qabile ka sardar tha, aur un ke walid das hazar khaimon wale qabile ke hakim the. Bachpan mein woh pakar kar Hindustan laye gaye, jahan unhein Sultan Iltutmish ne kharid liya. Un ka ibtidai naam Baha ud-Din bataya jata hai.

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq ibtida mein unhein pani bharne walon (bahishtiyon) mein rakha gaya, magar jald hi unhon ne apni salahiyat sabit ki, taraqqi karte gaye aur Iltutmish ke mashhur "chalis" (Chehalgani) ghulam umara ke giroh mein shamil ho gaye.

Taraqqi ka safar

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Razia Sultana ke daur mein Balban shahi shikar ke nigran (Amir-e-Shikar) the. Baad mein unhein Hansi ki hukumat mili, jahan Lane-Poole ke alfaz mein woh ek behtri lane wale aur munsif hakim sabit hue. 1243 mein woh Amir-e-Hajib (shahi hajib) bane. Shamal maghribi sarhad par Mongol hamlon ke muqable mein un ki koshishon par unhein "Ulugh Khan" yaani "bara sardar" ka khitab mila.

Bees baras ki niyabat

Britannica ke mutabiq 1246 tak Balban, jo "chalis" ke ek nisbatan junior rukn the, itna asar hasil kar chuke the ke naye Sultan Nasir ud-Din Mahmud (1246–1266) ki hukumat mein intezam un ke hath mein aa gaya, aur woh Sultan ke naib bane. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Nasir ud-Din Mahmud ek narm mizaj aur ilm dost shakhs the jo nihayat sada zindagi guzarte the, jabke saltanat ka amli kaam Balban chalate the.

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq 1253 mein darbari harifon ne Balban ko darbar se nikalwa diya, magar umara ke dabao par agle hi saal, 1254 mein, unhein tamam aizazat ke sath wapas bula liya gaya. Is daur ke do bare kaam, Lane-Poole ke mutabiq, yeh the: sarhadi subon aur qabail ki tanzeem, jo Balban ke chacha zad Sher Khan ke supurd thi, aur andruni baghawaton par qabu.

Sultan ki haisiyat

1266 mein Nasir ud-Din Mahmud ka intiqal hua aur Balban khud Sultan ban gaye. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq hukumat ka andaz wohi raha, magar ab is mein pehle se zyada sakhti aa gayi.

Sarkon ki hifazat

Balban ke daur ka ek numayan kaam raston ko mehfooz banana tha. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq us waqt Dehli ke muzafat tak daku’on ke hamle hote the, yahan tak ke shehar ke liye pani bharne wale bhi mehfooz nahin the. Balban ne Dehli ke aas paas ke jungle katwaye, shorish zada ilaqon mein qile banwaye aur sarkon par chowkiyon mein fauji dastay bithaye. Jungalon se raste nikalne ke liye lakarhare bheje gaye.

Lane-Poole ne is daur ke muarrikh Ziya ud-Din Barani ka yeh qaul naqal kiya hai ke "is ke baad saath baras guzar chuke hain, magar raste aaj tak daku’on se mehfooz hain." Barani is daur ka bunyadi makhaz hain.

Fauj aur sarhad

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Balban ki sab se bari fikr Mongol hamlon ka khatra tha. Isi liye unhon ne apni fauj ko aala darje ki tanzeem aur tarbiyat di, daral-hukumat ke qareeb rahe aur door ki Muhimmat se gurez kiya. Britannica ke mutabiq is poore daur mein Dehli Mongolon ke muqable mein difai position par rahi.

Unhon ne bare jagirdar umara ki is koshish ko bhi roka ke un ki jagiren mauroosi ban jayen. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq is tarah Turk umara ki purani taqat kam ho gayi aur Sultan ka ikhtiyar mazboot hua.

Darbar ke adab

Balban badshah ke raub aur waqar par bohat zor dete the. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq un ka darbar shan o shaukat wala aur adab ka sakht paband tha, aur log door door se yeh shan dekhne aate the. Un ke zati mulazim bhi unhein kabhi poore sarkari libas ke baghair nahin dekhte the. Woh darbar mein kabhi unchi awaz mein nahin hanste the aur apni maujoodgi mein halki phulki guftagu ki ijazat nahin dete the. Aam taur par bataya jata hai ke unhon ne Irani tarz ke darbari adab aur Nowruz ka tehwar bhi darbar mein raij kiya.

Ilm o adab

Balban ke daur ke adab se ek bara naam juda hai. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Farsi ke mashhur shair Amir Khusro Balban ke bare bete Shehzada Muhammad ki sarparasti mein un ke darbar se wabasta the, jinhein Lane-Poole ek "muhazzab aur bazauq" shehzada qarar deta hai. Shehzada Muhammad 1285 mein Dipalpur ke qareeb Mongolon se larai mein mare gaye, aur Lane-Poole ke mutabiq is sadme ne boorhe Sultan ko tor diya.

Wafat

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Balban ka intiqal 1287 mein hua, jab unhein iqtidar mein chalis baras ho chuke the, aadhe bator wazir aur aadhe bator badshah. Aam taur par un ki tareekh-e-wafat 13 January 1287 batayi jati hai. Un ka maqbara Dehli mein Mehrauli ke aasar-e-qadeema park mein hai.

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq un ka doosra beta Bughra Khan Bengal ka hakim tha, aur is ki aulad ne nisf sadi se zyada Bengal par hukumat ki, jabke Dehli mein Balban ka khandan un ki wafat ke baad teen baras bhi qaim na reh saka.

Wirasa

Lane-Poole Balban ko Dehli ke badshahon mein sab se numayan shakhsiyat mein se ek qarar deta hai: pani bharne wala ghulam, shikar ka nigran, sipah salar, wazir aur aakhirkar Sultan. Un ke daur ki mehfooz sarken, munazzam fauj aur mazboot markazi hukumat baad mein aane wale Khilji salatin ke liye bunyad bani.