Firuz Shah Tughlaq: Nehrein, naye shehar aur Ashoka ki laatein

Delhi mein Jamuna ke kinare ek purane qile ke khandarat hain jise Firuz Shah Kotla kaha jata hai. Is ki sab se upar ki manzil par pathar ki ek saaf chikni laat khari hai jo do hazar baras se bhi zyada purani hai, kyunke yeh Maurya shahenshah Ashoka ke daur ki hai. Ise yahan chaudhwin sadi mein Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq (Firuz Shah Tughlaq) ne nasb karaya tha, jinhon ne 1351 se 1388 tak hukumat ki. Firuz Shah ko un ki jangon se zyada un ki nehron, naye shehron, baghat aur imaratein ki wajah se yaad kiya jata hai.

Takht nashini

1351 mein Muhammad bin Tughlaq ka Sindh mein intiqal hua to un ka koi beta nahin tha. British mauarrikh Stanley Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Sindh mein mojood fauj ke sardaron ne un ke chacha zad Firuz Shah ko fauran Sultan muntakhib kar liya. Is waqt Firuz ki umar taqriban paintalis baras thi. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq unhon ne kai baras Muhammad bin Tughlaq ke sath bete ki tarah reh kar hukmrani ki tarbiyat payi thi.

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Firuz Shah ke saintis sala daur mein ek bhi baghawat nahin hui. Woh jang se gurez karte the, aur Deccan aur Bengal ke jo ilaqe pehle alag ho chuke the, unhein wapas lane ki bari koshish nahin ki.

Wazir Khan-e-Jahan

Firuz Shah ki hukumat ka ek bara sutoon un ke wazir Khan-e-Jahan Maqbool the. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Maqbool Telangana ke ek mauzziz khandan se the aur Muhammad bin Tughlaq ke daur mein bhi aala ohdon par reh chuke the. Sultan ki taweel ghair hazriyon mein wohi saltanat chalate the, aur Lane-Poole ke mutabiq unhon ne ghair mamooli maharat se intezam kiya. Un ka intiqal 1371 mein hua.

Kisanon ko rahat

Britannica ke mutabiq Muhammad bin Tughlaq ne qehat ke baad kisanon ko jo qarze diye the, Firuz Shah ne woh maaf kar diye. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq wazir ke mashware par un qarzon ke sarkari kaghzat Sultan ki mojoodgi mein talaf kar diye gaye. Britannica ke mutabiq Firuz ne mehsool ki ek muqarrara sharah nafiz ki, aur Lane-Poole ke mutabiq sarkari ahlkaron ki ziyadtiyon par sakhti se rok lagayi gayi.

Nehron ka jaal

Firuz Shah ka sab se derpa kaam abpashi ka nizam hai. Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne qabl az jadeed Hindustan mein nehron ka sab se bara jaal banaya. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq 1355 mein apne naye shehar Hisar Firuza ko pani pahunchane ke liye unhon ne Jamuna aur Sutlej se nehron ka dohra nizam banwaya. In mein se ek, "Purani Jamuna nehar", Lane-Poole ke zamane (1903) mein bhi taqriban do sau meel tak ilaqe ko sairab kar rahi thi.

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq behtar abpashi ki wajah se kisan saal mein ek ke bajaye do fasalein uthane lage. Nehron ki nigrani mahir engineers ke supurd thi, jo barsaat aur Sailab ke dinon mein kinaron ka muaena kar ke report dete the, aur is sahulat ke badle pani par das feesad mehsool liya jata tha.

Naye shehar

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Firuz Shah ko shehar basane aur un ke naam rakhne ka shauq tha. Unhon ne Fatehabad, Hisar Firuza aur Jaunpur jaise shehar basaye; Britannica ke mutabiq Hisar ki bunyad 1356 mein rakhi gayi. Delhi se taqriban das meel door Jamuna ke kinare unhon ne Firozabad ke naam se ek naya shehar basaya, jahan woh zyada tar rehte the. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq yeh shehar darya ke kinare chhe meel tak phaila hua tha aur Delhi ke log chhutti ke din yahan sair ko aate the.

Britannica ke mutabiq Firuz Shah Kotla, jo 1354 se 1370 ke darmiyan bana aur jis mein mahallat aur dusri imaratein thin, aaj khandar hai magar Firuz Shah ki bari tameerati sargarmi ki numainda gi karta hai. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq un ke mashhoor memar Malik Ghazi Shahna aur Abdul Haq the, jin ke tehat hunarmandon ka ek bara amla kaam karta tha aur sab ko khazane se baqaida ujrat milti thi.

Ashoka ki laatein

Firuz Shah ki ek anokhi dilchaspi qadeem yaadgarein thin. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq unhon ne Ashoka ke daur ki do pathar ki laatein un ki asal jagahon se ukhaar kar Delhi muntaqil karayin, aur in mein se ek Firozabad mein nasb ki gayi. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh laat un ke mahal ki chhat par ek numayan jagah rakhi gayi. Britannica yeh bhi batata hai ke Firuz Shah ko Hindustani saqafat se gehri dilchaspi thi aur unhon ne Sanskrit ki kai aham kitabon ke Farsi tarjume karaye.

Baghat aur falahi kaam

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Firuz Shah ne Delhi ke qareeb barah sau bagh lagwaye, jin mein angoor ki saat qismein ugayi jati thin aur jin ki paidawar se khazane ko amdani hoti thi. Unhon ne berozgaron ke liye kaam ka bandobast kiya, bimaron ke liye sarkari shifakhane banwaye, aur boorhe ahlkaron ko bartaraf karne ke bajaye un ke beton ko un ki jagah kaam karne diya.

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq baad ke mauarrikh Farishta ne Firuz Shah se kam az kam 845 awami tameerat mansoob ki hain: nehrein, band, talab, pul, hamam, qile, madaris aur musafir khane. Unhon ne purani imaraton, jaise Qutb Minar, ki marammat bhi karayi.

Wafat

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq 1374 mein wali ahd Fateh Khan ki wafat ne boorhe Sultan ko shadeed sadma pahunchaya. Aakhri barson mein unhon ne hukumat ka kaam doosron ke supurd kar diya, aur September 1388 mein un ka intiqal hua. Lane-Poole un ki umar nawe baras batata hai, agarche takht nashini ke waqt paintalis baras ki umar ke hisab se yeh assi ke qareeb banti hai. Un ka maqbara Delhi mein hai.

Virsa

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq un ke daur ke mauarrikhin muttafiq hain ke Firuz Shah apni raaya mein bohat maqbool the. Un ki banwayi hui nehrein sadiyon tak kheton ko sairab karti rahin, un ke basaye hue shehar aaj bhi abad hain, aur Ashoka ki woh laat aaj bhi Firuz Shah Kotla mein khari hai jise unhon ne is ki asal jagah se mangwaya tha.