Ashoka-e-Azam: Kalinga ki jang ke baad pattharon par likhe farman

Teesri sadi qabl masih mein barr-e-sagheer ke beshtar hisse par aik hi saltanat ka raj tha: Maurya saltanat (Mauryan Empire), jis ka darulhukumat Pataliputra (Pataliputra) tha. Is saltanat ka teesra hukmran Ashoka (Ashoka) tha jis ne taqriban 268 qabl masih se 232 qabl masih tak hukumat ki. Is ki saltanat maghrib mein aaj ke Afghanistan se mashriq mein aaj ke Bangladesh tak phaili hui thi. Ashoka ko tareekh mein khas maqam aik jang ke baad is ki policy mein aane wali tabdeeli aur un farmanon ki wajah se mila hai jo is ne chattanon aur sutunon par kunda karaye. In mein se do maqamat aaj Pakistan ke soba Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mein hain.

Ibtidai zindagi aur takht nasheeni

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Ashoka Maurya saltanat ke bani Chandragupta Maurya (Chandragupta) ka pota aur Bindusara (Bindusara) ka beta tha. Is ki paidaish ki tareekh maloom nahin. Is ki jawani aur iqtidar tak rasai ki tafseelat zyada tar baad ki Buddh riwayat se aati hain, jinhein muhaqqiqin kai lihaz se tareekh se zyada dastan samajhte hain.

Inhi riwayat ke mutabiq naujawani mein Ashoka ko Taxila (Taxila) mein aik baghawat dabane bheja gaya aur baad mein Ujjain (Ujjain) ka hakim banaya gaya. Bindusara ki wafat ke baad jaanasheeni par kashmakash hui. Is ka bara bhai Susima wali ahd tha, magar wuzara ne Ashoka ki hamayat ki. Riwayat mein hai ke takht sambhalne ke baad is ne Susima aur dusre bhaiyon ko qatl kara diya; World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq sau bhaiyon ke qatl ki kahani ko muhaqqiqin mubalagha samajhte hain aur un ke khayal mein ghaliban do bhai mare gaye.

Kalinga ki jang

Ashoka ki zindagi ka faisla kun waqia Kalinga (Kalinga) ki jang thi. Kalinga mashriqi sahil par aik khushhal tijarti riyasat thi jo charon taraf se Maurya saltanat mein ghiri hui thi. Taqriban 260 qabl masih mein, yaani apni taj poshi ke aathwen baras, Ashoka ne Kalinga par hamla kiya. Is hamle ki wajah maloom nahin.

Is jang ke baare mein sab se aham makhaz khud Ashoka ka terahwan bara chattani farman hai. World History Encyclopedia ke naqal kardah tarjume ke mutabiq is mein badshah kehta hai ke Kalinga ki fatah mein dherh lakh afraad jilawatan kiye gaye, aik lakh mare gaye aur is se kahin zyada dusri wujuhat se halak hue. Isi farman mein Ashoka is khoonrezi par "gehre pachtawe" ka izhar karta hai aur kehta hai ke ab woh "Dhamma" ke zariye fatah ko sab se behtar fatah samajhta hai.

Yeh aadad Ashoka ke apne bayan hain aur kisi dusre makhaz se un ki tasdeeq nahin hoti. Mueerrikhin ne yeh bhi nishandahi ki hai ke Ashoka ne Kalinga ki riyasat is ke bashindon ko wapas nahin ki, jilawatan logon ki wapsi ka koi saboot nahin milta, aur fauj bhi barqarar rakhi gayi.

Dhamma ki policy

Kalinga ke baad Ashoka ne Buddh mat ikhtiyar kiya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq yeh tabdeeli achanak nahin balke batadrij aayi. Is daur ki policy ka markazi tasawwur "Dhamma" (Dhamma) tha, jis ka mafhoom mueerrikhin "achha tarz-e-amal" aur "dusron se shaista bartao" bayan karte hain: walidain ki khidmat, ghulamon aur mulazimon se achha sulook, buzurgon ka ehtram aur jandaron ko nuqsan na pahunchana.

Farmanon mein is policy ke amali pehlu bhi darj hain. Dusre chattani farman ke mutabiq insanon aur janwaron ke ilaj ka intezam kiya gaya, jari bootiyan mangwa kar ugayi gayin, aur sadkon ke kinare kunwen khudwaye aur darakht lagwaye gaye. Chhathe farman mein badshah kehta hai ke awam ke mamlat ki ittela ise har waqt di jaye, chahe woh kahin bhi ho. Barhwen farman mein mukhtalif mazahib ke pairokaron ko aik dusre ka ehtram karne aur dusron ke aqaid ki muzammat se bachne ki talqeen hai. Ashoka ne Dhamma ke paigham ke liye Sri Lanka samet dusre khittaon mein wufood bhi bheje.

Pattharon par farman, Pakistan mein do maqamat

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Ashoka ke 33 katbe maloom hain jo sutunon, badi chattanon aur gharon ki deewaron par kunda hain. Yeh aaj ke Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bharat, Nepal aur Pakistan mein paye gaye hain. Zyada tar Brahmi (Brahmi) rasm-ul-khat mein hain, jabke Afghanistan mein Kandahar ka aik katba Yunani aur Aarami zaban mein hai.

Pakistan mein Ashoka ke chaudah bare chattani farmanon ke do mukammal majmue maujood hain, aur donon Kharosthi (Kharosthi) rasm-ul-khat mein hain, jo qadeem Gandhara ka khat tha. Mahir-e-katbat E. Hultzsch (E. Hultzsch) ne 1925 mein shaya hone wale Ashoka ke katbon ke majmue mein likha hai ke Shahbazgarhi (Shahbazgarhi) Mardan se taqriban nau meel ke fasle par aik gaon hai, aur yeh katba gaon se aadha meel door pahari ki dhalwan par aik badi chattan par kunda hai. Is chattan ke aik rukh par pehle se gyarahwen tak farman hain, dusre rukh par terahwan aur chaudahwan, jabke barhwan farman alag patthar par hai. Hultzsch ke mutabiq Ranjit Singh ki mulazmat mein maujood General Court ne 1836 mein pehli baar is katbe ki khabar di.

Hultzsch ke mutabiq Mansehra (Mansehra) ka katba, jo us waqt Hazara zila ki aik tehsil ka sadar maqam tha, qasbe ke shimal mein teen bare pattharon par kunda hai.

Gumshudgi aur dobara daryaft

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Ashoka ne taqriban chalis baras hukumat ki aur 232 qabl masih mein wafat pai. Is ki wafat ke pachas baras ke andar Maurya saltanat khatam ho gayi. Waqt ke sath is ka naam bhi bhula diya gaya: Puranon mein Ashoka ka naam Maurya badshahon ki fehrist mein to tha, magar is ke baare mein koi tafseel nahin thi, aur Brahmi khat parhne wala koi na raha.

Unneeswin sadi mein British muhaqqiq James Prinsep (James Prinsep) ne Brahmi rasm-ul-khat parhne mein kamyabi hasil ki. Katbon mein badshah khud ko "Devanampiya Piyadasi" yaani "devtaon ka pyara, khush manzar" kehta hai. Sri Lanka ki Buddh tehriron ki madad se yeh sabit hua ke yehi badshah Ashoka hai. Prinsep ne apni tehqeeq 1837 mein shaya ki. Hultzsch ke mutabiq 1838 mein C. Masson (C. Masson) ne Shahbazgarhi ja kar is katbe ki naqlein tayyar kin jo Europe pahunchin, aur wahan Norris (Norris) ne un mein pehli baar badshah ka laqab "Devanampiya" parha.

Wirsa

Ashoka ke baare mein hamari maloomat ke do bare zaraye hain: is ke apne farman aur baad ki Buddh riwayat, aur donon ka apna nuqta-e-nazar hai. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Buddh makhaz is ke ibtidai daur ko sakht geer aur baad ke daur ko misali dikhate hain, jise muhaqqiqin aik khas bayaniye ka hissa samajhte hain. Is ke sutunon mein se aik ka char sheron wala taj aaj Bharat ka qaumi nishan hai.

Shahbazgarhi aur Mansehra ki chattanein is baat ki yaad dilati hain ke teis sadiyan pehle bhi aaj ke Pakistan ka yeh khitta aik badi saltanat ki intezami aur fikri zindagi ka hissa tha, aur aik hukmran ka paigham yahan ke logon ki apni zaban aur apne rasm-ul-khat mein likha gaya tha.