Aurangzeb Alamgir: Nisf sadi ki hukmarani aur Mughalia saltanat ki sab se badi wusat

Mughal badshahon mein sab se taweel arsa hukumat karne walon mein Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb (Aurangzeb) ka naam numayan hai, jo "Alamgir" ke laqab se mashhoor hue. Woh Shah Jahan ke teesre bete the aur 1658 se 1707 tak, taqriban nisf sadi, takht par rahe. Un ke daur mein Mughalia saltanat apni sab se badi jughrafiyai wusat ko pahunchi, magar isi daur mein Deccan ki taweel jangein aur mukhtalif ilaqon mein baghawatein bhi hui. Mawarrikhin un ki shakhsiyat aur policyon ke baare mein aaj bhi mukhtalif aara rakhte hain.

Ibtidai zindagi aur subedari

Aurangzeb November 1618 mein Malwa aur Gujarat ki sarhad par waqe qasbe Dohad mein paida hue. Un ki walida Mumtaz Mahal thin. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq un ki Taleem mein Quran aur deeni uloom ko markazi haisiyat hasil thi.

Naujawani hi mein unhein intizami aur fauji zimmedariyan milin. 1636 mein woh pehli baar Deccan ke subedar bane aur baad mein Gujarat ke hakim rahe. 1650 ki dahai mein woh dobara Deccan ke subedar muqarrar hue aur Golconda aur Bijapur ke khilaf Muhimmat ki qiyadat ki.

Jaanshini ki jang

September 1657 mein Shah Jahan ki shadeed alalat ke baad un ke charon beton ke darmiyan takht ke liye jang chhid gayi. April 1658 mein Aurangzeb ne Dharmat ke maqam par shahi fauj ko aur May ke aakhir mein Agra ke qareeb Samugarh ke maidan mein bade bhai Dara Shikoh ko shikast di. Is ke baad unhon ne Shah Jahan ko Agra ke qile mein nazar band kar diya.

Lane-Poole ke mutabiq July 1658 ke aakhir mein Delhi ke bahar un ki badshahat ka elan hua aur May 1659 mein baqaida takht nashini hui, jab unhon ne "Alamgir" yani "duniya ko fateh karne wala" ka laqab ikhtiyar kiya. Dara Shikoh ko giraftari ke baad August 1659 mein maut ki saza di gayi, aur doosre bhai bhi is kashmakash mein takht ki daud se bahar ho gaye.

Intizam aur zaati zindagi

Aurangzeb ki zaati zindagi sadgi ke liye mashhoor hai. Fransisi sayyah Tavernier ke hawale se Lane-Poole likhte hain ke woh khane peene mein bahut kifayat karte aur taweel roze rakhte the. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq woh farigh waqt mein topiyan seete the aur unhon ne apne haath se Quran ke do nuskhe likh kar Makkah aur Madinah bheje.

Un ke daur mein Hanafi fiqh ka ek jame majmua murattab kiya gaya jo "Fatawa Alamgiri" kehlata hai. Is daur ki ek tareekh "Mirat-e-Alam" ke mutabiq yeh kaam Sheikh Nizam ki sarbarahi mein ulama ki ek jamaat ne kiya aur is par taqriban do lakh rupay kharch hue. Lahore ki Badshahi Masjid bhi isi daur ki yaadgar hai; Lahore District Gazetteer ke mutabiq is ke darwaze par darj katbe ke mutabiq yeh 1674 mein Aurangzeb ke liye un ke sipah salar Fidai Khan Koka ne tameer karwayi.

Mazhabi policy: Mawarrikhin ki aara

Aurangzeb ki mazhabi policy un ke daur ka sab se zyada zer-e-behs pehlu hai. Vincent Smith ke mutabiq unhon ne 1679 mein ghair muslimon par jizya dobara nafiz kiya, jise Akbar ne khatam kar diya tha. Unneesvin sadi ke angrez mawarrikh Lane-Poole likhte hain ke 1669 mein subai hukkam ko baaz mandiron aur madrason ko munhadim karne ke ahkam diye gaye, aur is dauran Banaras aur Mathura ke bade mandir giraye gaye. Taham Lane-Poole hi ke mutabiq in ahkam par poori tarah amal nahin hua aur zyada tar chand numayan misalein qaim ki gayin.

Isi daur mein Marwar ke Rajputon, Jaton aur Satnamiyon ki baghawatein bhi hui, jin ke asbab par mawarrikhin mukhtalif nuqta-e-nazar rakhte hain. Baaz mawarrikhin in policyon ko saltanat ki kamzori ka ek sabab qarar dete hain, jabke doosre in waqiyat ko siyasi aur ilaqai tanazuat ke tanazur mein dekhte hain. BBC ke ek jaize ke mutabiq Aurangzeb ke baare mein tareekh ka faisla badi had tak is baat par munhasir raha hai ke likhne wala kaun hai.

Deccan ki taweel muhim

Aurangzeb ke daur-e-hukumat ka doosra nisf taqriban poora Deccan mein guzra. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq tirsath baras ki umr mein woh Deccan ki muhim par rawana hue aur phir zindagi ke aakhir tak wahin rahe. September 1686 mein ek saal se zyada ke muhasire ke baad Bijapur ki Adil Shahi saltanat ne hathiyar daal diye, aur 1687 mein taweel muhasire ke baad Golconda ka qila bhi fateh ho gaya.

In futuhat ke baad saltanat ki hudood junoob mein bahut door tak phail gayin. Taham Deccan mein Shivaji (Shivaji) ki qaim kardah Maratha taqat ke khilaf jang barson jari rahi. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Bijapur aur Golconda ki kamzori se Marathon ko taqwiyat mili, aur un ki chhapa maar jang ke khilaf Mughal fauj ko taweel aur mehngi Muhimmat ladni padin.

Aakhri ayyam

Aurangzeb ne apni zindagi ke aakhri baras Ahmednagar ke qareeb apne fauji camp mein guzare. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq March 1707 mein, Fajr ki namaz ada karne ke baad, athasi baras ki umr mein un ka inteqal hua. Un ki wasiyat ke mutabiq unhein Daulatabad ke qareeb Khuldabad mein sufi buzurgon ke mazarat ke paas ek sada qabr mein dafn kiya gaya.

Wirasa

Aurangzeb ke inteqal ke baad un ke beton ke darmiyan phir jaanshini ki jang hui aur agli chand dahaiyon mein Mughalia markaz kamzor hota chala gaya. BBC ke jaize ke mutabiq un ke daur mein saltanat apni askari taqat ke urooj par thi, magar is ka hajm itna barh chuka tha ke ise kamyabi se sambhalna mushkil ho gaya tha.

Aurangzeb ke baare mein mawarrikhin ki aara jitni mukhtalif hain, shayad hi kisi aur Mughal badshah ke baare mein hon. Un ki taweel hukmarani, Deccan ki futuhat, zaati sadgi aur mazhabi policyan aaj bhi tehqeeq aur behs ka mauzu hain, aur un ka daur Mughalia tareekh ke urooj aur is ke baad aane wali tabdiliyon ke darmiyan ek sang-e-meel samjha jata hai.