Changez Khan: Mangol qabail ka sardar jis ne duniya ki sab se badi zameeni saltanat ki bunyad rakhi

Barhween sadi eswi ke aakhir mein Mongolia ke wasee ghaas ke maidanon mein darjanon khana badosh qabail aapas mein ladte rehte the. Inhi mein ek ladka Temujin (Temujin) paida hua jo aage chal kar Changez Khan (Genghis Khan) kehlaya. Is ne 1206 se 1227 mein apni wafat tak hukumat ki aur in qabail ko mutahid kar ke aisi saltanat ki bunyad rakhi jise is ke janasheenon ne tareekh ki sab se badi muttasil zameeni saltanat bana diya. Is ki fatuhat ke sath wasee paimane par tabahi aur qatl-e-aam bhi jura hai, aur is ka ek baab darya-e-Sindh ke kinare, aaj ke Pakistan mein bhi likha gaya.

Ibtidai zindagi

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Changez Khan ki zindagi ka bara maakhaz "Mangolon ki khufia tareekh" (Secret History of the Mongols) hai jis ke baaz hisse terhween sadi ke pehle nisf ke hain, aur jis mein kai afsanawi baatein bhi shamil hain. Is ki paidaish ka saal yaqeeni nahin; baaz muhaqqiqeen 1162 aur baaz 1167 batate hain. Is ka baap Yesugei ek qabaili sardar tha jise ek mukhalif qabile ne zeher de diya. Us waqt Temujin ki umr nau se barah baras ke darmiyan thi.

Baap ki maut ke baad qabile ne is khandan ko tanha chhor diya. History.com ke mutabiq Temujin ko ek moqe par ek qabile ne qaid bhi kiya, magar woh farar ho gaya. Rafta rafta is ne ittehad banaye, Kerait qabile ke sardar Toghril se talluq jora aur jangju ke taur par shohrat hasil ki.

Khan-e-azam

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq taqriban das baras mein Temujin ne Tatariyon, Keraiton, Naimanon aur Merkiton jaise harifon ko shikast di. 1206 mein darya-e-Onon ke manba ke qareeb Mangol sardaron ki majlis "Quriltai" ne ise apna sarbarah tasleem kiya aur "Changez Khan" ka laqab diya, jis ka matlab ghaliban "aalamgir hukmran" hai.

History.com ke mutabiq is ne riwayat se hat kar rishtedaron ke bajaye qabil sathiyon ko ahem ohde diye aur sipahiyon ko qabile ki bunyad ke bajaye das das ki toliyon mein munazzam kiya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is ne Mangol zaban ko, jo us waqt tak sirf boli jati thi, Uighur rasm-ul-khat mein likhne ka hukm diya, "Yasa" ke naam se qawaneen ka majmua murattab karaya aur ghar sawar qasidon ka dak ka nizam qaim kiya. Dono maakhaz ke mutabiq is ki saltanat mein mukhtalif mazahib ke pairokaron ko apne aqeede par chalne ki azadi thi aur tijarat aur tajiron ko tahaffuz diya jata tha.

China ki taraf Muhimmat

Changez Khan ki pehli badi beroni muhim shimal maghribi China ki Xi Xia (Xi Xia) riyasat ke khilaf thi, jis ke hukmran ne 1209 ki muhim ke baad kharaj dena qabool kiya. Phir shimali China ki Jin (Jin) saltanat ki baari aayi. History.com ke mutabiq 1211 se 1214 tak Mangolon ne is ke dehi ilaqon ko takht o taraj kiya aur 1215 mein Jin daar-ul-hukumat Zhongdu, yaani aaj ka Beijing, tabah kar diya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq 1212 aur 1213 mein hi taqriban nawe shehr tabah hue, aur ek harba yeh tha ke ek shehr ko tabah kar ke dusre shehron ko khabardar kiya jata ke hathiyar na dalne ki soorat mein in ka anjam bhi yehi hoga.

Khwarazm ki jang aur darya-e-Sindh ka maarka

Maghrib mein Changez Khan ka samna Khwarazm Shahi saltanat se hua jo aaj ke Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan aur Iran par phaili hui thi. History.com ke mutabiq Khwarazm ke sultan ne ek tijarati muahida kiya, magar jab pehla Mangol tijarati qafila pahuncha to is ka maal loot liya gaya aur tajir qatl kar diye gaye, phir Changez Khan ke safeer bhi mare gaye. 1219 mein muhim shuru hui aur 1220-1221 mein Mangol fauj ne Bukhara, Samarkand aur Gurganj jaise shehr ek ek kar ke fatah kiye. Hunarmandon ko umooman bacha liya jata, jabke muzahimat karne wale sipahi aur umra qatl kiye jate. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is muhim mein beshumar shehr tabah hue aur is khitte ka aabpashi ka nizam bhi barbad kar diya gaya.

Khwarazm Shah ka beta Jalal al-Din (Jalal al-Din) muzahimat karta hua mashriq ki taraf barha. Irani muarrikh Juwaini ki tareekh ke iqtibasat, jo Elliot aur Dowson ki kitab mein shamil hain, ke mutabiq darya-e-Sindh ke kinare ladi jane wali jang mein jab shikast yaqeeni ho gayi to Jalal al-Din ne ghora darya mein daal diya aur tair kar dusre kinare pahunch gaya. Isi kitab mein shamil ek bayan ke mutabiq darya ka kinara pani se tees feet se zyada buland tha, aur Changez Khan ne kinare par khare ho kar yeh manzar dekha aur Jalal al-Din ki jurat ki tareef ki. Juwaini is waqiye ko 618 Hijri (1221) ka batata hai. Isi maakhaz ke mutabiq baad mein ek Mangol dasta taaqub mein darya paar kar ke Multan tak aaya aur shehr ka muhasira kiya, magar shadid garmi ki wajah se wapas chala gaya.

Tabahi ka paimana: muarrikhin ke andaze

Changez Khan aur is ke janasheenon ki jangon mein kitne log mare gaye, is ka koi qabil-e-aitemad adad maujood nahin. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq quroon-e-wusta ke waqai nigar lakhon halakaton ka zikr karte hain. History.com ke mutabiq halakaton ki sahi tadad jannaa namumkin hai, juzvi taur par is liye ke Mangol khud dehshat phelane ke liye apni be-rehmi ki shohrat aam karte the; isi idare ki ek aur tehreer ke mutabiq bohat se muarrikhin Mangol fatuhat mein halak hone walon ki tadad taqriban chaar crore batate hain. Yoon dastiyab andaze "lakhon" se le kar taqriban chaar crore tak hain, aur yeh sirf Changez Khan nahin balke is ke janasheenon ki jangon ko bhi shamil karte hain.

Wafat aur wirsa

History.com ke mutabiq 1227 ke aaghaz mein Xi Xia ke khilaf ek nai muhim ke dauran Changez Khan ghore se gir kar zakhmi hua aur is ki Sehat phir na sambhal saki. 18 August 1227 ko is ka intiqal hua. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is ki meyyat Mongolia le jayi gayi magar qabr ka maqam khufia rakha gaya, aur aaj tak maloom nahin.

Is ne saltanat apne beton Jochi, Chagatai, Tolui aur Ogedei mein taqseem kar di thi, aur 1229 mein Ogedei Khan-e-azam bana. Baad mein is ke pote Kublai Khan ne poora China fatah kar ke Yuan khandan ki bunyad rakhi. History.com ke mutabiq apne urooj par Mangol saltanat ek crore das lakh murabba meel se zyada par phaili hui thi. Aaj Mongolia mein Changez Khan ko qaum ke bani ke taur par yaad kiya jata hai.

Muarrikhin Changez Khan ke bare mein dono pehlu bayan karte hain: ek taraf is ki jangon mein shehron ki tabahi aur lakhon jaanon ka ziya, dusri taraf tehreer, qanoon, dak ke nizam aur tijarati raston ka tahaffuz, jis ne mashriq aur maghrib ko ek dusre ke qareeb kiya. Is ki kahani in dono haqiqaton ko sath rakh kar hi samjhi ja sakti hai.