Vasco da Gama: Europe se Hindustan ka behri rasta

Hafta, 8 July 1497 ko Portugal ke darul-hukumat Lisbon ke qareeb Restelo (Restelo) ke sahil se chaar jahaz rawana hue. Un ka salar Vasco da Gama (Vasco da Gama) tha aur manzil Hindustan. Is se pehle koi European jahaz Africa ke gird chakkar kaat kar Hindustan nahin pahuncha tha. Is safar ka haal ek gumnam mallah ke roznamche mein mehfooz hai jise jughrafiya-dan E. G. Ravenstein (E. G. Ravenstein) ne 1898 mein Hakluyt Society ke liye English mein tarjuma kiya.

Beda aur amla

Roznamche ka pehla jumla hai ke 1497 mein badshah doam Manuel (Manuel I) ne "daryaftoon aur masaloon ki talash" ke liye chaar jahaz bheje. Ravenstein ke mutabiq salar ka jahaz "Sao Gabriel" (Sao Gabriel) tha, doosra "Sao Rafael" (Sao Rafael) jis ka captain Vasco ka bhai Paulo da Gama tha, teesra "Berrio" (Berrio) naami chhota jahaz jis ka captain Nicolau Coelho (Nicolau Coelho) tha, aur chautha rasad ka jahaz. World History Encyclopedia mein Mark Cartwright (Mark Cartwright) likhte hain ke sath Pero de Alenquer (Pero de Alenquer) naami pilot bhi tha jo is se pehle Bartolomeu Dias (Bartolomeu Dias) ke sath Africa ki janubi nok tak ja chuka tha.

Ravenstein ke mutabiq purane маakhaz amle ki tadad 118 se 260 tak batate hain, aur woh khud 170 ko haqeeqat ke qareeb samajhte hain.

Samandar ke beech tirane din

Jahaz 15 July ko Jazair-e-Canary ke paas se guzre. Gehri dhund mein bichadne ke baad sab 22 July ko Cape Verde ke jazeera Sal (Sal) ke qareeb phir ikattha ho gaye. 3 August ko woh jazeera Santiago se nikle, aur yaheen se is safar ka sab se dilerana hissa shuru hua.

Ravenstein likhte hain ke pehle ke mallah Africa ke sahil ke sath sath chalte the, magar Vasco da Gama ne Cape Verde se seedha Bahr-e-Atlantic ke beech mein ek lamba chakkar kaata taake muwafiq hawaen mil saken. Nateeja yeh hua ke jahaz tirane din tak khule samandar mein rahe aur koi sahil nazar na aaya; Ravenstein ke nazdeek janubi Bahr-e-Atlantic ka yeh pehla uboor behri Muhimmat ki tareekh ke bade karnamon mein se hai. Aakhir 4 November ko subah nau baje zameen nazar aayi. Mallahon ne apne behtareen kapde pehne, topen daagh kar salar ko salami di aur jahazon ko jhandon se saja diya.

Ras Umeed ka chakkar

7 November ko beda ek kushada khaleej mein langar andaz hua jis ka naam St Helena Bay (St Helena Bay) rakha gaya. 16 November ko wahan se nikle to janub maghribi hawa ki wajah se kai din tak Ras Umeed (Cape of Good Hope) ka chakkar na kat saka, aur aakhir 22 November ko dopahar ke waqt peechhe se hawa mili to jahaz is ras ke gird ghoom kar sahil ke sath aage barh gaye.

25 November ko woh Sao Bras (Sao Bras) ki khaleej mein pahunche, jise aaj Mossel Bay (Mossel Bay) kaha jata hai, aur terah din thehre. Yahan rasad ka jahaz tod kar is ka saman baqi teen jahazon mein banT diya gaya. Roznamche mein yahan ka ek khushgawar manzar mehfooz hai: taqriban do sau maqami log kuch maweshi le kar aaye aur chaar paanch bansuriyan bajane lage, jin ke unche aur neeche sur mil kar ek khoobsurat hum-ahangi paida karte the, aur sath nachne lage. Jawab mein salar ne narsingay bajwaye aur Portuguese bhi kashtiyon mein nache.

Christmas ke din, 25 December tak, woh Dias ki aakhri hadd se sattar farsang aage ka sahil dekh chuke the; isi sahil ko Portugueseon ne "Natal" (Natal) ka naam diya.

Mashriqi Africa aur Malindi ka pilot

Agle mahinon mein beda Mozambique ke sahil se hota hua 7 April 1498 ko Mombasa (Mombasa) pahuncha aur phir 15 April ko Malindi (Malindi). Cartwright ke mutabiq us waqt tak bahut se mallah scurvy (scurvy) mein mubtala ho chuke the. Malindi mein nau din qayam raha aur is dauran jashn aur moseeqi hoti rahi.

Yaheen Malindi ke hakim ne Hindustan tak rasta dikhane ke liye ek pilot diya. Is pilot ki shanakht par ikhtilaf hai: Ravenstein Portuguese muarrikhin Barros aur Goes ke hawale se use Gujarat ka ek mallah likhte hain jise Portuguese "Malemo Cana" kehte the, jabke Cartwright ke mutabiq use mashhoor Arab jahaz-raan Ahmad ibn Majid qarar dene ka purana daawa muhaqqiqin ne rad kar diya hai.

Bahira-e-Arab ka uboor aur Calicut

24 April ko beda Malindi se nikla. 29 April ko mallahon ne bahut arse baad phir qutbi sitara dekha. Teis din tak koi zameen nazar na aayi, aur 18 May ko unche pahar dikhai diye. 20 May 1498 ko pilot ne paharon ko pehchan kar bataya ke yeh Calicut (Calicut) ke upar hain, aur isi raat beda shehar se do farsang ke faasle par langar andaz ho gaya.

Agle din amle ka ek aadmi shehar bheja gaya. Roznamche ke mutabiq wahan us ki mulaqat Tunis ke do tajiron se hui jo Spanish aur Genoa ki zubaan bolte the. Un ka pehla sawal tha ke tum itni door kya lene aaye ho? Roznamche ka musannif likhta hai ke "hum bahut hairan hue, kyunke hamein Portugal se itni door apni zubaan sunne ki umeed na thi."

Portuguese taqriban teen maah Calicut ke samne rahe. Cartwright ke mutabiq Vasco da Gama ki Calicut ke hakim, Zamorin (Zamorin), se mulaqaten hui aur jahazon par kali mirch, adrak, laung aur daarcheeni jaise masale lade gaye, magar tijarat ki baat cheet bahami be-aitmadi ki wajah se zyada kamyab na rahi. August ke aakhir mein beda Calicut se rawana hua aur October ke shuru mein Anjediva (Anjediva) ke jazeere se khule samandar mein nikla.

Wapsi: scurvy ka safar

Wapsi ka safar sab se kathin sabit hua. Roznamche ke mutabiq hawa baar baar ruk jati ya ulti chalti, aur Bahira-e-Arab paar karne mein teen mahinon se sirf teen din kam lage. Musannif likhta hai ke mallahon ke masoorhe barh kar daanton par aa gaye yahan tak ke woh kha na sakte the, tangein aur jism sooj gaye, aur isi bimari se tees aadmi mar gaye, jabke itne hi pehle mar chuke the. Har jahaz par sirf saat aath aadmi kaam ke qabil reh gaye. Woh likhta hai: "Agar yeh halat do hafte aur rehti to jahaz chalane wala koi na bachta."

2 January 1499 ko Africa ka sahil nazar aaya aur woh Mogadishu ke paas se guzre. 7 January ko Malindi pahunche jahan ke hakim ne beemaron ke liye santre bhijwaye, magar kai beemar wahin dam tod gaye. 13 January ko "Sao Rafael" ko aag laga di gayi kyunke teen jahaz chalane ke liye aadmi baqi na the. 20 March ko Ras Umeed ka chakkar kaata gaya. Roznamcha 25 April ko maghribi Africa ke sahil ke qareeb achanak khatam ho jata hai.

Ravenstein baqi kahani yoon bayan karte hain: Coelho ka "Berrio" 10 July 1499 ko Lisbon ke qareeb Cascais (Cascais) pahuncha. Vasco da Gama apne beemar bhai Paulo ko le kar Jazair-e-Azores ke jazeere Terceira gaye jahan Paulo fout ho gaye. Khud Vasco da Gama Lisbon kab pahunche, is ki tareekh yaqeeni nahin: Portuguese maakhaz 29 August, 8 September aur 18 September 1499 teenon tarikhein dete hain. Cartwright ke mutabiq rawana hone wale taqriban 170 aadmiyon mein se sirf 55 ke qareeb ghar laute.

Agli qist: Pedro Alvares Cabral: Brazil.