William Barents: Qutb-e-shimali ke barf zaar mein sardiyan

4 November 1596 ko solah Dutch mallahon ne aakhri baar sooraj ko ufuq par dekha. Woh dunya ke intehai shimal mein ek barf posh jazeere par lakdi ke ek chhote se ghar mein band the, un ka jahaz samundar mein barf mein jakra hua tha, aur aage taqriban teen mahine ki musalsal raat thi. Un ka rehnuma William Barents (Willem Barentsz) tha, aur is muhim ki rozana diary un ke saathi Gerrit de Veer (Gerrit de Veer) ne likhi.

China ka shimali rasta

Solahvin sadi ke aakhir mein Holland ke tajir ek aisa samundari rasta dhoond rahe the jo Norway aur Russia ke shimal se hota hua China pahuncha de. De Veer ki kitab ka angrezi tarjuma Hakluyt Society ne 1853 mein aur phir 1876 mein shaya kiya. Is ke mutabiq Barents is silsile mein 1594 aur 1595 mein do safar kar chuke the.

Teesre safar ke liye Amsterdam se do jahaz tayyar hue. Ek ke captain aur tijarati nigran Jacob van Heemskerck (Jacob van Heemskerck) the aur Barents us ke markazi mallah rehnuma (pilot); doosre ke captain Jan Cornelisz Rijp (Jan Cornelisz Rijp) the. Jahaz 10 May 1596 ko Amsterdam se chale aur 18 May ko khule samundar mein nikle.

Reechhon ka jazeera aur hanson ke ande

June mein woh ek ghair aabad jazeere par pahunche jahan unhon ne ek safed reechh mara jis ki khaal barah feet lambi thi. De Veer likhte hain ke isi wajah se unhon ne is ka naam "Reechhon ka jazeera" (Bear Island) rakha. 19 June ko, 79 darje 49 minute shimali arz balad par, unhein phir zameen nazar aayi; 1911 ka Encyclopaedia Britannica ise Spitsbergen (Spitsbergen) likhta hai.

Yahan ek dilchasp daryaft hui. Europe mein is zamane mein aam khayal tha ke ek khaas qism ki jungli batakh numa hans (barnacle goose) andon se nahin balke pani par jhuke darakhton ke phalon se paida hoti hai. De Veer likhte hain ke taqriban 80 darje par unhon ne in hanson ko apne andon par baithe dekha, aur Hakluyt Society ke mudeer ke mutabiq is mushahide ne yeh purana khayal ghalat sabit karne mein madad di.

Is ke baad dono jahaz alag ho gaye, aur Barents ka jahaz mashriq ki taraf Novaya Zemlya (Novaya Zemlya) ke lambe jazeere ki taraf barha.

Barf ki qaid

Jahaz ne jazeere ke shimali sire ka chakkar lagaya. De Veer likhte hain ke 26 August 1596 ko unhon ne wapas jane ka faisla kiya, magar barf itni tezi se beh kar aayi ke jahaz har taraf se ghir gaya. Isi sham woh ek khaleej ke maghribi kinare par pahunche jise unhon ne "Barf ki bandargah" (Ice Haven) ka naam diya tha, aur De Veer ke alfaz mein wahin "sakht sardi, tangi, museebat aur gham mein saari sardiyan" guzarni padin.

Agle dinon mein barf ke dabao se jahaz aage se char paanch feet upar uth gaya aur us ke takhte aise chatakhne lage ke mallahon ke baqaul un ke sar ke baal khade ho gaye. Aakhir kar unhon ne khushki par ghar banane ka faisla kiya. Jazeere par koi darakht nahin ugta tha, magar unhein sahil par jaron samet beh kar aaye hue darakht mile. De Veer ke mutabiq yehi lakdi un ke ghar mein bhi lagi aur sardiyon bhar jalane ke kaam bhi aayi.

"Mahfooz ghar"

Mallah din mein do baar barf par lakdi seladi gadiyan (sledges) khinch kar laate. 23 September ko un ka barhai fout ho gaya. Ghar ki chhat jahaz ke arshe ke takhte ukhaar kar banai gayi, aur 24 October tak sara amla us mein muntaqil ho gaya. Baad mein is ghar ko "Het Behouden Huys" (Het Behouden Huys) yaani "mahfooz ghar" kaha gaya.

Sardi naqabil-e-bayan thi. De Veer likhte hain ke December mein deewaron aur sone ki jagahon par do ungal moti barf jam gayi, aur gharri jam kar band ho gayi, is liye waqt ka hisab rakhne ke liye barah ghante wali ret gharri baar baar ulti padti thi. Barfani tufanon mein kai kai din darwaze barf se band rehte aur baari baari khodne padte. November se roti naap tol kar banti jane lagi: har aadmi ko aath din ke liye char pound das ounce. Jahaz ke surgeon ne sharab ke ek bare peepe mein bhaap ka ghusl tayyar kiya, jise De Veer Sehat ke liye bohat mufeed likhte hain. Is ke bawajood kai mallah scurvy (scurvy) ka shikar hue, aur January mein ek aur saathi fout ho gaya. Ghar ke aas paas safed reechh aate rehte, jabke mallah safed lomriyan phandon se pakar kar khate.

Sooraj ki jald wapsi

24 January 1597 ko De Veer aur do sathiyon ne ufuq par sooraj ka kinara dekha. De Veer likhte hain ke Barents ne, jo "ek dana aur tajurba kar mallah" the, yaqeen na kiya, kyunke un ke hisab se yeh taqriban chaudah din pehle tha. Is par sharten lagin, aur 27 January ko sab ne sooraj ko poori golai ke saath dekh liya. Hakluyt Society ke mudeer ke mutabiq is ghair mutawaqqa mushahide par wapsi ke baad aalimon mein bari bahas hui.

Khuli kashtiyon mein wapsi

June tak bhi jahaz barf se azad na hua. Chunancha mallahon ne do khuli kashtiyan tayyar kin aur unhein barf par khinch kar pani tak laaye. Rawangi se pehle Barents ne, jo kafi arse se bimar the, ek khat likh kar ghar ki chimni mein latka diya jis mein safar ka haal tha. 14 June 1597 ki subah woh Novaya Zemlya se rawana hue.

20 June ko ek saathi Claes Andriesz shadeed bimar hua. De Veer likhte hain ke Barents ne kaha, "Mera khayal hai main bhi is ke baad zyada din nahin jiyunga." Woh De Veer ka banaya hua safar ka naqsha dekh rahe the. Phir naqsha rakh kar bole, "Gerrit, mujhe kuch peene ko do", aur peete hi un ka inteqal ho gaya. De Veer aur Hakluyt Society ki fehrist un ki wafat ki tareekh 20 June batate hain, jabke 1911 ke Encyclopaedia Britannica mein 30 June darj hai.

Baqi mallah kabhi barf par kashtiyan ghaseette, kabhi khule pani mein chappu chalate, junoob ki taraf barhte rahe. July ke aakhir mein unhein rusi shikari mile, jin se, De Veer ke mutabiq, terah mahine mein pehli baar kisi insan se mulaqat hui. De Veer ke hisab se unhon ne khuli kashtiyon mein 381 Dutch meel tay kiye. Aakhir kar jazeera numa Kola mein ek khat mila jis par "Jan Cornelisz Rijp" ke dastakhat the; wohi saathi jo ek saal pehle Reechhon ke jazeere ke paas alag hua tha, ab madad le kar aa raha tha. Mallah 1 November 1597 ko isi libas aur safed lomri ki khaal ki topiyon mein Amsterdam pahunche jo woh Novaya Zemlya mein pehente the. Satrah mein se barah aadmi zinda laute.

Paune teen sau saal baad

9 September 1871 ko Norway ke mallah Elling Carlsen (Elling Carlsen) ko Novaya Zemlya ke sahil par ek gira hua ghar mila. Hakluyt Society ke 1876 ke edition mein shamil un ke roznamche ke mutabiq malbe mein tambe ki do degchiyan, ek bandooq ki naali, ek gharri, ek bansuri, kuch auzaar aur kapre pare the. Mudeer Koolemans Beynen (Koolemans Beynen) ke mutabiq yeh ashya Holland ki hukumat ne khareed leen, aur 1911 ke Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq us waqt yeh The Hague mein mahfooz thin.

Agli qist: Evliya Celebi: Siyahat Nama.