Jacques Cartier: Darya-e-St. Lawrence

1535 ki sardiyon mein teen French jahaz shimali America ke ek bade darya mein barf mein aise jakre gaye ke taqriban paanch mahine hil na sake. Ek sau das aadmiyon mein se February tak das bhi tandurust na rahe. Phir ek maqami shakhs ke bataye hue ek joshande ne beemaron ko utha khara kiya. Yeh us safar ka waqia hai jis mein Jacques Cartier (Jacques Cartier) ne pehli bar Darya-e-St. Lawrence (St. Lawrence) ka naqsha banaya aur us ilaqe ko woh naam diya jo aaj ek poore mulk ka naam hai: Canada.

Saint-Malo ka mallah

Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq Cartier 1491 mein France ke sahili shehar Saint-Malo (Saint-Malo) mein paida hua. The Canadian Encyclopedia ke mutabiq muarrikh Marcel Trudel (Marcel Trudel) ke hisab se us ki paidaish June aur December 1491 ke darmiyan hui.

1534 mein France ke badshah Francis I ne use shimali America ki muhim ka hukm diya. Maqsad sona, masale aur Asia tak koi bahri rasta talash karna tha.

Pehla safar: khalij ki sair

Britannica ke mutabiq Cartier 20 April 1534 ko do jahazon aur 61 aadmiyon ke sath Saint-Malo se rawana hua. The Canadian Encyclopedia ke mutabiq bees din baad woh Newfoundland (Newfoundland) ke sahil par pahuncha, Strait of Belle Isle (Strait of Belle Isle) se Khalij-e-St. Lawrence mein dakhil hua. Britannica ke mutabiq us ne maujooda Prince Edward Island dekha aur khalij mein Anticosti (Anticosti) island tak gaya. 25 July ko woh wapas rawana hua. Wapsi par woh maqami Iroquoian (Iroquoian) sardar Donnacona (Donnacona) ke do beton, Domagaya (Domagaya) aur Taignoagny (Taignoagny), ko apne sath France le gaya.

Doosra safar: Hochelaga aur "Mont Royal"

Agle baras ki muhim bari thi. The Canadian Encyclopedia ke mutabiq us mein 110 aadmi aur teen darmiyane jahaz the: "Grande Hermine" (Grande Hermine), "Petite Hermine" (Petite Hermine) aur "Emerillon" (Emerillon), jise darya mein chalne ke liye khaas taur par tayyar kiya gaya tha. May 1535 ke wasat mein rawana ho kar woh pachas din mein samundar paar kar sake. Britannica ke mutabiq Donnacona ke dono bete, jo ab France se wapas aa rahe the, rahnuma bane, aur Cartier darya mein upar ki taraf maujooda Quebec (Quebec) tak pahuncha, jahan Iroquoian basti Stadacona (Stadacona) ke qareeb apna thikana banaya.

Amriki mohaqiq James Phinney Baxter (James Phinney Baxter) ne 1906 mein Cartier ke safarnamon ka English tarjuma shaya kiya. Us ke mutabiq Cartier bara jahaz peechhe chhor kar kashtiyon mein chand umra aur 28 mallahon ke sath upar ko gaya aur 2 October 1535 ko Hochelaga (Hochelaga) pahuncha. Cartier likhta hai ke ek hazar se zyada mard, auratein aur bachche kinare par jama ho gaye aur "aisa istaqbal kiya jaisa baap bete ka karta hai", aur kashtiyon mein machhli aur makai ki roti phenkne lage.

Agli subah basti ki taraf jate hue rasta khoob hamwar tha aur dono taraf balut ke darakht the jin ke neeche zameen balut ke phalon se dhaki thi. Phir makai ke bare bare khet aaye, aur un ke beech Hochelaga ki basti thi. Cartier ke bayan ke mutabiq basti gol thi aur us ke gird lakri ki teen qataron ki baar thi jis mein sirf ek darwaza tha. Andar taqriban pachas lambe ghar the, har ek pachas qadam ya us se zyada lamba aur barah pandrah qadam chaura, lakri ke bane aur darakhton ki chauri chhaal se dhake hue. Gharon ke upar anaj ke godam the.

Basti ke sath ek pahari thi. Cartier likhta hai: "Hum ne us pahar ka naam Mont Royal (Mont Royal) rakha". Us ki chotti se unhon ne tees league se zyada door tak ka manzar dekha: shimal aur janoob mein pahari silsile, beech mein hamwar zarkhez zameen, aur darya mein ek nihayat tez abshar. Baxter ke hashiye ke mutabiq yeh Lachine ke tez dhare (Lachine Rapids) the.

Barf, scurvy aur "Annedda"

Sardiyon ka qiyam Darya-e-St. Charles ke dahane par tha. Britannica ke mutabiq Frenchiyon ko narm sardi ki umeed thi kyunke Quebec Paris se zyada janoob mein waqe hai, magar sardi ne unhein hairan kar diya. Cartier ke bayan ke mutabiq November ke wasat se 15 April tak jahaz barf mein band rahe; barf ki teh do fadam (taqriban barah foot) se zyada moti thi, zameen par char foot se zyada barf thi jo jahazon ke kinaron se unchi ho gayi, aur peepon mein mashrubat jam gaye.

Phir bimari phaili. Cartier likhta hai ke tangein sooj jatin, masoorhe gal jate aur daant girne lagte. Baxter ke hashiye ke mutabiq yeh scurvy (scurvy) thi. February ke wasat tak "hum ek sau das the, un mein das bhi tandurust na the", aur March ke wasat tak pachees aadmi mar gaye.

Ek din Cartier ne Domagaya ko sehat mand dekha jo das barah din pehle isi bimari mein mubtala tha. Poochne par us ne bataya ke woh ek darakht ke patton ke ras se theek hua. Us ne do auraton ko Cartier ke sath bheja jo nau das shakhein le aayin aur tareeqa sikhaya: chhaal aur patte pani mein ubalo, har doosre din piyo, aur bacha hua phook sooji hui tangon par lagao. Maqami zaban mein us darakht ka naam "Annedda" (annedda) tha. Cartier ke mutabiq do teen bar peene se beemar sehatyab hone lage, aur phir itni mang hui ke ek bahut bara darakht aath din se kam mein khatam ho gaya. Yeh kaun sa darakht tha, is par ittefaq nahin; Baxter ke hashiye ke mutabiq baaz likhne wale ise safed spruce aur baaz safed cheer samajhte hain.

The Canadian Encyclopedia ke mutabiq bahar aane par wapsi ke safar mein Cartier Donnacona, us ke dono beton aur saat deegar afrad ko France le gaya, aur woh kabhi wapas na aa sake.

Teesra safar aur "heere"

Europe ki jang ki wajah se agli muhim 1541 tak ruki rahi. Is bar badshah ne ek ameer, Jean-Francois de La Rocque de Roberval (Jean-Francois de La Rocque de Roberval), ko naubadi basane ka kaam diya aur Cartier ko us ka matehat banaya. Britannica ke mutabiq Cartier pehle rawana ho kar 23 August 1541 ko Quebec pahuncha. The Canadian Encyclopedia ke mutabiq us ne Quebec se chand kilometre upar Darya-e-Cap Rouge (Cap Rouge) aur St. Lawrence ke sangam par basti banayi.

Britannica ke mutabiq yahan unhein bahut si aisi cheezein milin jinhein woh sona aur heere samjhe. May 1542 ke aakhir mein Cartier basti chhor kar rawana hua. Newfoundland mein us ki mulaqat Roberval se hui jis ne use wapas jane ka hukm diya, magar Cartier raat ke andhere mein France ki taraf nikal gaya. France mein maloom hua ke us ke "sone" aur "heeron" dar asal pyrite aur quartz the.

Britannica ke mutabiq us ke baad Cartier ko koi nayi muhim nahin mili; woh Saint-Malo ke qareeb apni jagir par raha aur yakum September 1557 ko faut hua. Britannica yeh bhi batata hai ke "Canada" ka naam Huron Iroquoian lafz "Kanata" (kanata) se nikla hai jis ka matlab gaon ya basti hai, aur Cartier ne yeh naam sirf aaj ke Quebec shehar ke aas paas ke ilaqe ke liye istemal kiya tha.

Agli qist: Orellana: Darya-e-Amazon ka pehla safar.