James Cook: Bahr-ul-Kahil ke teen safar

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

1768 se 1779 tak, gyarah barson mein, ek Angrez jahaz ran ne Bahr-ul-Kahil ko teen baar chhana. Woh janoob mein Antarctica ki barf tak gaya aur shumal mein Aabnaye Bering se aage barf ki deewar tak. Us ka naam James Cook (James Cook) tha, aur Britannica ke alfaz mein us ne dunya ka naqsha kisi bhi dusre fard se ziyada badla.

Koyle ke jahazon se bahria tak

Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq Cook 27 October 1728 ko Angalistan ke ilaqe Yorkshire ke gaon Marton (Marton) mein ek khet mazdoor ke ghar paida hue. Atharah baras ki umar mein, 1746 mein, woh Whitby (Whitby) ke jahaz malik John Walker ke paas shagird bane, jin ke jahaz Bahira-e-Shumali mein koyla dhote the. Sardiyon mein jab jahaz marammat ke liye khade hote to Cook raat ko riyazi parhte the. 1755 mein woh aam mallah ke taur par shahi bahria mein bharti hue, aur 1763 se 1767 tak Newfoundland (Newfoundland) ke sahilon ka survey kiya.

Pehla safar: Zohra ka guzar

Britannica ke mutabiq 1768 mein London ki Royal Society (Royal Society) aur bahria mil kar Bahr-ul-Kahil ki pehli science muhim tayyar kar rahe the, aur chalis sala Cook ko us ka commander banaya gaya. Unhein Whitby ka bana hua koyla dhone wala ek mazboot jahaz diya gaya jis ka naam "Endeavour" (Endeavour) rakha gaya: 368 ton ka, aur tees meter se kam lamba. 1893 mein Cook ka roznamcha murattab karne wale W. J. L. Wharton (W. J. L. Wharton) ke mutabiq jahaz par kul chauranway aadmi the. Science danon ke sarbarah chhabbis sala Joseph Banks (Joseph Banks) the, aur un ke sath Sweden ke mahir-e-nabatat Daniel Solander (Daniel Solander).

Muhim ka zahiri maqsad sayyara Zohra (Venus) ka sooraj ke samne se guzarna dekhna tha. Royal Museums Greenwich (Royal Museums Greenwich) ke mutabiq jahaz 1768 ki garmiyon mein rawana hua aur April 1769 mein Tahiti (Tahiti) pahuncha. 3 June 1769 ke bare mein Cook likhte hain: "Sara din ek badal bhi nazar na aaya aur hawa bilkul saaf thi." Magar sayyare ke gird ek dhundla sa haala tha jis ne lams ke lamhon ka taayun mushkil kar diya, aur tinon mushahida karne walon ke auqat tawaqqo se kahin ziyada mukhtalif nikle. Greenwich ke mutabiq yeh mushahida juzvi taur par hi kamyab raha.

New Zealand, Australia aur marjani chattan

Greenwich ke mutabiq Cook ke paas khufia hidayat bhi thin ke woh janoob mein us farzi bade barrazam ko talash karein jis ke wujood ka us zamane mein khayal kiya jata tha. Britannica likhta hai ke Cook ne chhe mahinon mein poore New Zealand ka naqsha banaya, aur Greenwich ke mutabiq yeh sabit kiya ke woh kisi bade barrazam ka hissa nahin. Phir 19 April 1770 ko woh Australia ke janoob mashriqi sahil par pahunche aur survey karte hue us ke taqriban 3,200 kilometre lambe mashriqi sahil ke sath shumal ko chale.

Raste mein Great Barrier Reef (Great Barrier Reef) ki marjani chattanein thin. Cook ke roznamche ke mutabiq June 1770 ki ek chandni raat, gyarah bajey se kuch pehle, "jahaz takraya aur phans gaya". Amle ne jahaz halka karne ke liye topein, lohe aur pathar ka wazan, peepe aur purana saman samandar mein phenk diya, chalis pachas ton tak. Agli raat jowar ke sath jahaz tair gaya, magar risao shadeed tha. Wharton ke hashiyon ke mutabiq us ki marammat qareeb ke ek darya mein hui jo aaj Endeavour River (Endeavour River) kehlata hai.

Wapsi par Java ke shehar Batavia (aaj ka Jakarta) mein, Britannica ke mutabiq, tees aadmi bukhar aur pechish se mar gaye. Magar poore safar mein koi scurvy (scurvy) se na mara, kyunke Cook safai aur hawa ki amad o raft par zor dete aur amle ko Haloon, sauerkraut (khamir shuda band gobhi) aur malte ka arq khilate the. Cook ke roznamche ke mutabiq 13 July 1771 ko jahaz Angalistan ke sahil ke qareeb Downs (Downs) mein langar andaz hua.

Dusra safar: Qutbi daire ke paar

Britannica ke mutabiq July 1772 se July 1775 tak Cook ne Whitby hi ke bane jahaz "Resolution" (Resolution) aur us ke sathi jahaz "Adventure" (Adventure) ke sath safar kiya. New Zealand ke Canterbury Museum (Canterbury Museum) ke mutabiq 17 January 1773 ko dono jahaz Antarctic daire (66 darje 33 daqiqe janoob) ko paar kiya; museum ke mutabiq yeh us daire ka pehla record shuda uboor tha. Baad mein dhund mein dono jahaz bichhar gaye, aur Greenwich ke mutabiq Adventure ke captain Tobias Furneaux (Tobias Furneaux) New Zealand se wapas Angalistan chale gaye.

Cook sattar darje janoob se bhi aage gaye, magar Britannica ke mutabiq unhein janoobi barrazam ka koi suragh na mila. Is safar mein unhon ne Tonga aur Easter Island ka naqsha banaya, New Caledonia (New Caledonia) daryaft kiya, aur Bahr-e-Auqyanoos mein South Georgia (South Georgia) aur janoobi Sandwich jazair tak pahunche. Is baar bhi scurvy se koi na mara. Wapsi par Cook ko Royal Society ka rukn banaya gaya aur scurvy ke khilaf un ke kaam par likhe gaye maqale par unhein Society ka Copley tamgha (Copley Medal) mila.

Teesra safar: Shumal ki barfani deewar

Bahr-ul-Kahil ka ek raaz abhi baqi tha: kya Shumali America ke gird Bahr-e-Auqyanoos aur Bahr-ul-Kahil ko milane wala koi behri rasta maujood hai? Britannica ke mutabiq July 1776 mein Cook phir Resolution par, Whitby ke ek aur jahaz "Discovery" (Discovery) ke sath, isi talash mein nikle. Sarkari rudad ke mutabiq 18 January 1778 ki subah shumali Bahr-ul-Kahil mein achanak ek jazira nazar aaya, phir dusra. Greenwich ke mutabiq Cook ne in jazair (aaj ke Hawaii) ka naam bahria ke sarbarah Earl of Sandwich ke naam par "Sandwich jazair" rakha.

Wahan se jahaz Shumali America ke maghribi sahil par Nootka Sound (Nootka Sound) gaye, phir Alaska ke sahil ka naqsha banate hue Aabnaye Bering se guzar kar shumal mein pahunche. Cook likhte hain ke 17 August 1778 ko ufuq par barf ki chamak dikhai di aur phir barf ka ek wasee maidan samne aa gaya. Agle din 70 darje 44 daqiqe arz-e-balad par woh barf ke kinare par the, jo "deewar ki tarah thos" thi aur kam az kam das barah fut unchi dikhai deti thi. Barf par beshumar walrus (walrus) the. Qareeb ki zameen ke ek sire ko, jo barf se ghira tha, Cook ne "Icy Cape" (Icy Cape) ka naam diya. Aage koi rasta na tha.

Hawaii mein anjam

Jahaz sardiyan guzarne Hawaii laut aaye. Greenwich ke mutabiq February 1779 mein woh rawana hue magar Resolution ka agla mustool toot jane par do din baad wapas aana para. Britannica ke mutabiq ek kashti ki chori par maqami logon se mukhtasar jharap hui, aur 14 February 1779 ko Cook Kealakekua Bay (Kealakekua Bay) ke sahil par mare gaye. Greenwich ke mutabiq un ke baad captain Clerke (Clerke) ne kamaan sambhali magar chhe maah baad tap-e-diq se faut ho gaye, aur lieutenant Gore (Gore) October 1780 mein dono jahaz Angalistan wapas laye.

Agli qist: La Perouse: gum shuda Fransisi muhim.

Makhaz

Alan John Villiers and Britannica Editors, "James Cook", Encyclopaedia Britannica (early life; Endeavour; New Zealand and Australia; Batavia and scurvy; second and third voyages; death). https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Cook
Royal Museums Greenwich, "Captain James Cook timeline". https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/maritime-history/captain-james-cook-timeline
Captain Cook's Journal during his First Voyage Round the World made in H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71, edited by W. J. L. Wharton, London, Elliot Stock, 1893 (introduction; entries for 3 June 1769, 11–12 June 1770, 13 July 1771). Project Gutenberg #8106. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8106
James Cook and James King, A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean … performed under the direction of Captains Cook, Clerke, and Gore, in His Majesty's ships the Resolution and Discovery, in the years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780, vol. II, London, 1784 (January 1778; 17–18 August 1778, Icy Cape). https://archive.org/details/voyagetopacifico02cook
Canterbury Museum (Christchurch), "Milestones and medals: Antarctica celebrates a 250th anniversary" (17 January 1773 crossing). https://www.canterburymuseum.com/explore/our-stories/milestones-and-medals-antarctica-celebrates-a-250th-anniversary
J. C. Beaglehole (ed.), The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery, Hakluyt Society Extra Series, Cambridge University Press, 1955–1967 (standard edition; listed for readers, not consulted online).

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