Afanasy Nikitin: Russia se Hindustan

Vasco da Gama ke Calicut pahunchne se taqriban tees baras pehle ek Russi saudagar ek ghora saath liye Hindustan ke maghribi sahil par utra tha. Woh barson Deccan mein raha aur wahan ki mandiyon, barishon aur mahallon ka haal likhta raha. Us ka naam Afanasy Nikitin (Afanasy Nikitin) tha, aur us ki tehreer Russi adab mein "Teen samundaron ke paar ka safar" ke naam se mashhoor hai.

Teen samundar aur ek roznamcha

Nikitin Russia ke shehr Tver (Tver) ka rehne wala tha. Woh khud apni kitab ke shuru mein teen samundaron ke naam ginwata hai: pehla Derbent ka samundar, yaani Bahira-e-Caspian; doosra "Hindustan ka samundar", yaani Bahira-e-Arab; aur teesra "Istanbul ka samundar", yaani Bahira-e-Aswad.

Hakluyt Society ne 1857 mein R. H. Major (R. H. Major) ki murattab kardah kitab "Pandrahveen sadi mein Hindustan" (India in the Fifteenth Century) shaya ki, jis mein Nikitin ka safarnama pehli baar angrezi mein aaya. Tarjuma London mein Russi safarat khane ke secretary Count Wielhorsky (Count Wielhorsky) ne kiya tha. Un ke bayan ke mutabiq yeh tehreer Novgorod ke ek girja ghar mein rakhe jane wale ek purane roznamche mein mehfooz rahi, jo 1821 mein shaya hua.

Volga par loot mar

Nikitin Tver ke hakim Mikhail Borisovich ki ijazat se rawana hua aur dariya-e-Volga (Volga) ke raste neeche ki taraf chala. Nizhny Novgorod mein us ne do hafte Shirvan ke shah ke safeer Hasan Beg ka intezar kiya, jo Moscow ke hukmran Ivan soam ki taraf se nawe shikari baaz tohfe mein le kar ja raha tha. Woh isi safeer ke saath aage barha.

Astrakhan (Astrakhan) ke qareeb Tatari sawaron ne un ka peecha kiya. Nikitin likhta hai ke un ka ek aadmi mara gaya, chhoti kashti pakdi gayi aur lut gayi aur us ka sara saman isi kashti mein tha. Badi kashti dariya ke dahane par ret mein phans kar pakdi gayi, aur baqi logon ko khali haath aage rawana kar diya gaya. Aage Bahira-e-Caspian mein toofan aaya aur ek kashti Tarki ke qareeb kinare par toot gayi, jahan maqami qabile ne sab ko qaid kar liya. Shirvan ke shah ki sifarish par woh reha hue, magar shah ne unhein wapsi ka kharch nahin diya. Nikitin likhta hai ke jis ka Russia mein kuch tha woh ghar laut gaya, aur jis par qarz tha "woh jidhar aankhein le gayin udhar chal pada". Nikitin ne aage jane ka faisla kiya.

Iran se Hormuz

Woh Derbent aur phir Baku (Baku) gaya, "jahan aag kabhi nahin bujhti"; tarjume ke hashiye ke mutabiq is se muraad wahan ke tel ke chashme hain. Phir samundar paar "Chebukhara" mein chhe mahine raha, aur Mazandaran ke shehron Sari aur Amol, phir Rey, Kashan, Nain aur Yazd se hota hua Lar aur phir Hormuz (Hormuz) pahuncha. Hormuz ke baare mein woh likhta hai ke yeh ek jazire par hai aur din mein do baar samundar ise gher leta hai, aur "Hormuz mein sooraj aisa tez hai ke aadmi ko jala deta hai". Woh ise "sari duniya ki mandi" bhi kehta hai.

Ghora le kar Hindustan

Hormuz se Nikitin ne apne ghoron ko ek "tava" (tava) yaani Hindustani jahaz mein lada aur Muscat, Gujarat aur Khambhat (Cambay) se hota hua, "jahan neel ugta hai", chhe hafte ke safar ke baad Hindustan ke maghribi sahil par Chaul (Chaul) pahuncha. Woh likhta hai ke jab woh bahar nikalta to bahut se log peechhe chal parte aur "safed aadmi" ko hairat se dekhte.

Chaul se woh khushki ke raste Junnar (Junnar) gaya. Us ke baqaul yeh shehr ek pathrili pahari par hai aur us tak ek tang rasta jata hai jis par ek waqt mein ek hi aadmi chal sakta hai aur chadhai mein poora din lagta hai. Yaheen us ne Deccan ka monsoon dekha: "chaar mahine din raat barish aur keechar ke siwa kuch nahin", aur isi Mausam mein log zameen jot kar gandum, matar aur sabziyan bote hain. Woh yeh bhi likhta hai ke yahan ghore paida nahin hote, aur sawari aur baar bardari ka kaam bail aur bhainse karte hain. Nikitin ke bhaqaul jo ghora woh saath laya tha us par sau rouble kharch hue the, aur ek saal paas rakh kar us ne use Bidar mein 68 "futun" (ek sikka) mein becha.

Bidar: Bahmani saltanat ka daar-ul-hukumat

Junnar se ek mahine ke safar ke baad Nikitin Bidar (Bidar) pahuncha, jo us waqt Deccan ki Bahmani saltanat ka daar-ul-hukumat tha, aur yaheen us ne sab se zyada waqt guzara. Woh likhta hai ke Bidar mein ghoron, kapron, resham aur har tarah ke maal ki tijarat hoti hai. Sultan ke mahal ke saat darwaze hain aur har darwaze par sau pehredar aur sau munshi baithte hain jo aane jane wale har shakhs ka naam likhte hain. Raat ko shehr ki hifazat ek hazar sawar karte hain jo zira pehne hote hain aur har ek ke haath mein roshni hoti hai.

Nikitin ek salana mele ka zikr bhi karta hai jahan sare Hindustan se log aa kar das din tijarat karte hain, aur jahan bees hazar tak ghore bikne aate hain. Calicut, Sri Lanka aur Pegu (Burma) ki bandargahon ka jo haal us ne likha, woh Wielhorsky ke mutabiq suni sunayi baaton par mabni hai; Calicut ke baare mein woh likhta hai ke wahan kali mirch, adrak aur har tarah ke masale paida hote hain.

Wapsi ka taweel safar

Kai baras Deccan mein guzarne ke baad Nikitin ne wapsi ka irada kiya aur Dabul (Dabul) ki bandargah pahuncha, jise woh "Hindustan aur Habsha ke sahilon ki sab qaumon ke milne ki jagah" kehta hai. Wahan us ne Hormuz tak ka kiraya sone ke do sikke tay kiya. Yeh safar mushkil nikla: ek mahina woh samundar mein rahe aur kuch nazar na aaya, agle mahine Habsha (Africa) ke pahar dikhayi diye. Wahan paanch din thehre, aur Nikitin likhta hai ke us ne maqami logon mein kali mirch aur roti banti taake woh jahaz ko nuqsan na pahunchayen. Phir barah din mein Muscat aur nau din mein Hormuz pahunche.

Hormuz se woh khushki ke raste Lar, Shiraz, Yazd, Isfahan, Kashan, Qom aur Tabriz se hota hua Trabzon (Trebizond) pahuncha, jahan wahan ke pasha ne us ke saman ki talashi li aur khaas taur par tehreerein dhoondin. Bahira-e-Aswad mein shimali toofan ne jahaz ko wapas Trabzon ki taraf dhakel diya, pandrah din ek qareebi bandargah mein rukna para, aur do baar phir mukhalif hawa ne aage na barhne diya. Aakhirkar woh Crimea ke shehr Caffa (Caffa), aaj ke Feodosia, pahuncha. Safarnama yaheen khatam hota hai.

Wielhorsky ke mutabiq ek Russi waqai nigar likhta hai ke Nikitin Smolensk (Smolensk) pahunchne se pehle hi faut ho gaya, aur us ka roznamcha kuch saudagar Moscow laye aur riyasat ke ek ohdedar ke hawale kiya.

Safar kab hua?

Nikitin ke safar ki tarikhein yaqeeni nahin. Wielhorsky ne ek Russi waqai nigar ke ishare se andaza lagaya ke woh 1468 mein rawana hua aur 1474 mein louta; Britannica yeh safar 1466 se 1472 ke darmiyan rakhta hai; aur mahireen-e-Hindiyat ki sawanhi lughat "Who Was Who in Indology" (Who Was Who in Indology) ke mutabiq rawangi ka saal aaj bhi tay nahin. Isi lughat ke mutabiq Nikitin ko Hindustan aane wala pehla Russi samjha jata hai.

Agli qist: Bartolomeu Dias: Ras Umeed ka chakkar.