Al-Idrisi aur “Nuzhat al-Mushtaq”: Sicily ke darbar mein bana dunya ka naqsha

Sochiye ke saDhe aath sau baras pehle, Italy ke junoob mein jazira Siqliya (Sicily) ke ek badshah ke hukm par khalis chandi ka ek bohat bara gol takhta dhala gaya jis par saari maloom dunya ke samandar, darya, shehar aur raaste kandah kiye gaye. Is naqshe ke sath ek kitab likhi gayi jis mein Makuran ke khajoor ke bagh, Debal ki bandargah aur Mansura ke bazaron tak ka zikr hai. Yeh kitab "Nuzhat al-Mushtaq" thi aur is ka musannif ek musalman jughrafiya dan, Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi (al-Idrisi) tha.

Ceuta se Siqliya tak

Unneesvin sadi ke British muarrikh Henry Elliot (Henry Elliot) aur John Dowson (John Dowson) ki kitab "History of India as Told by Its Own Historians" ke mutabiq al-Idrisi gyarahvin sadi ke aakhir mein Morocco ke shehar Ceuta (Ceuta) mein paida hue. Un ka khandan Idris naami ek jad-e-amjad ki nisbat se Idrisi kehlata tha; isi khandan ne nauvin aur daswin sadi mein Morocco par hukumat ki thi, aur is ki ek shakh Andalus ke shehar Malaga (Malaga) ki hukmran rahi.

Al-Idrisi ne Europe mein safar kiye aur aakhirkar Siqliya ke Norman badshah Roger II (Roger II) ke darbar mein ja base. Elliot ke mutabiq Roger hi ki farmaish par unhon ne jughrafiye ki yeh kitab likhi.

Pandrah baras ki tehqeeq

Kitab ke dibache mein, jis ka French tarjuma Pierre Amedee Jaubert (P. Amedee Jaubert) ne 1836 mein shaya kiya, al-Idrisi batate hain ke yeh kaam kaise hua. Badshah ne pehle jughrafiye ki purani kitaben jama kien. Phir apni poori mamlikat mein bakhabar musafiron ko talash karwa ke bulaya aur tarjumanon ke zariye un se alag alag aur ikatthe sawal kiye. Jis baat par sab muttafiq hote woh durust maan li jati; jis mein ikhtilaf hota use chhor diya jata. Elliot ke baqaul baad ke ek sawaneh nigar ke mutabiq baqaida samajhdar logon ko safar par bheja gaya taake woh maloomat jama kar ke laayen.

Dibache ke mutabiq yeh kaam pandrah baras se zyada jari raha. Phir shehron ke tool balad, arz balad aur bahmi fasle maloom kar ke lohe ke parkar se ek takhte par ek ek maqam ka nishan lagaya gaya. Aakhir mein badshah ne hukm diya ke khalis chandi ka ek bohat bara gol naqsha dhala jaye jis ka wazan chaar sau pachas Roman pound ho, aur maahir karigar is par satoon aqalim, mulk, sahil, samandar, darya, abad aur veeran ilaqe, raston ke fasle aur bandargahen theek isi khaake ke mutabiq kandah karen. Jaubert ek hashiye mein wazahat karte hain ke arabi lafz ka matlab gol takhta hai, globe (kura) nahin, jaisa ke pehle mutarjimon ne samjha tha.

Kitab aur naqsha

Is chandi ke naqshe ki wazahat ke liye yeh kitab likhi gayi. Dibacha batata hai ke is mein shehron aur ilaqon, kheti bari, samandaron, paharon, daryaon aur maidanon ka bayan hona tha; har mulk ki faslen aur phal, logon ke hunar aur tijarat, ajaibat, abadi, libas, rusoom aur zubanen. Kitab ka poora naam "Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq" hai, jise Elliot ne yun tarjuma kiya: un logon ki tafreeh jo dunya ke khitton mein ghoomna chahte hain. Jaubert ke tarjume ke mutabiq kitab 548 Hijri ke mah-e-Shawwal ke aakhri dinon mein, yaani January 1154 ke wasat mein mukammal hui.

Chandi ka naqsha aaj moujood nahin, magar kitab ke makhtootat mein bane naqshe baqi hain. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq yeh naqsha, jise angrezi mein "Tabula Rogeriana" (Tabula Rogeriana) yaani Roger ka naqsha kaha jata hai, Roger ne taqriban 1138 mein banwana shuru kiya tha. German mohaqqiq Konrad Miller (Konrad Miller) ne 1929 mein in naqshon ko jod kar ek badi naqal tayyar ki. Ek baat aaj ke qari ko hairan karti hai: asal naqshe mein junoob upar aur shumal neeche hai.

Kitab jald hi mashhoor ho gayi. Elliot likhte hain ke is ka ek khulasa 1592 mein Rome se chhapa, aur 1619 mein Paris se is ka Latini tarjuma "Geographia Nubiensis" ke naam se shaya hua.

Makuran aur Sindh, al-Idrisi ki nazar se

Hamare qari ke liye kitab ka sab se dilchasp hissa doosri aqleem ka woh bab hai jis mein khalij-e-Fars ke sahil ke baad Makuran, Sistan aur Sindh ka bayan hai. Elliot ne yeh hissa Jaubert ke French tarjume se angrezi mein muntaqil kiya.

Al-Idrisi likhte hain ke Makuran ek wasi mulk hai magar is ka bara hissa sehra aur ghareeb hai. Is ke sab se bare shehar mein khajoor ke bohat darakht hain, zameen kasht hoti hai aur khasi tijarat hoti hai. Is ke maghrib mein Tiz ki chhoti bandargah hai jahan Fars, Oman aur jazira Kish ke jahaz aate hain. Tiz se Kiz panch din ka safar hai. Makuran ke baaz ilaqon mein ganna bohat ugaya jata hai aur is se "Faniz" naami mithai bana kar is ki tijarat hoti hai.

Balochistan ke qari ko yeh jumla khaas taur par apna lagega: "Makuran ke log Farsi bolte hain aur ek aisi boli bhi jo isi soobe ki apni hai." Al-Idrisi un ke libas ka bhi zikr karte hain: kurta, aastinon wala labada, abaa, tehband aur sone ki kadhai wali chadar, bilkul Iraq aur Fars ke logon ki tarah.

Sindh ki bandargah Debal ke bare mein woh likhte hain ke is ki zameen zarkhez nahin, khajoor ke siwa darakht kam hain, magar yeh Sindh aur doosre mulkon ke jahazon ka adda hai. Oman, China aur Hindustan ke jahaz yahan aate hain, aur Debal ke maldar tajir maal thok mein khareed kar jahazon ke jane ke baad bechte hain. Mansura ke bare mein un ka bayan hai ke yeh darya-e-Mehran (Sindh) ki ek shakh se ghira hai, khajoor aur ganna bakasrat hota hai, bazar logon aur saman se bhare rehte hain, aur aam log Farsi libas pehente hain.

Woh Multan aur Mansura ke darmiyan rehne wali ek jangju qaum "Nadha" ka bhi zikr karte hain jo do kohan wale umda oont palti thi, jin ki Khurasan aur Fars mein bari qadr thi. Khareed o farokht ke liye yeh log sab se zyada "Qandail" naami shehar jate the.

Ek kitab jo pul bani

Al-Idrisi ki kitab purane musannifeen ki tehriron aur zinda musafiron ki gawahiyon ko jaanch parakh kar ek jagah jama karti hai. Yun un ki kitab arab jughrafiye ki sadiyon purani riwayat ko Europe ke darbar tak le gayi, aur aaj bhi hamen batati hai ke barahvin sadi mein Makuran, Debal aur Mansura dunya ko kaise dikhai dete the.