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14 May 1854: Mastung mein Kalat aur Angrezon ka muahida

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 9 minute ka mutalia

Tareekh ke Auraq: Yeh tehreer Roznama Atemad ke ijra (October 1970) se pehle ke ek din ki kahani hai, jo dastiyab tareekhi makhaz se murattab ki gayi hai.

Itwar, 14 May 1854. Sarawan ki wadi mein Mastung, jo Kalat aur Quetta ke beech Khan-e-Kalat ki garmiyon ki qayamgah hai. Balai Sindh ki sarhad ke Angrez political superintendent Major John Jacob Kachhi ki garmi se guzar kar do din pehle yahan pahunche the. Un ke sawaneh nigar H. T. Lambrick ke mutabiq aaj Khan Mir Nasir Khan doem aur Jacob ne ek naye muahide par dastakhat kar ke mohren laga din. Aitchison ke majmua-e-muahidat mein yeh muahida number 3 hai, aur is ki aakhri satr yehi kehti hai ke yeh Mastung mein 14 May 1854 ko tay hua.

1839 se 1841 tak

Aitchison ke mutabiq pehli Afghan jang ke dauran Angrezon ko yaqeen dilaya gaya ke Khan-e-Kalat Mir Mehrab Khan un ke dushman hain. November 1839 mein Kabul se wapas aati Angrezi fauj ke ek diste ne Kalat par hamla kiya aur Mehrab Khan larte hue mare gaye. Un ki jagah Shah Nawaz Khan ko khan banaya gaya, aur Sarawan aur Kachhi Kabul ki saltanat mein shamil kar diye gaye.

Jald hi Mehrab Khan ke bete Nasir Khan ki qiyadat mein baghawat hui, Shah Nawaz Khan maazool hue aur Angrez numainda Lieutenant Loveday mara gaya. Aitchison ke alfaz mein Angrezi hukumat ne mulk mein aman aur "bad-qismat Mehrab Khan ki yaad se der se insaf" ke liye apni policy ulat di. 1907 ke Sarawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq Major James Outram ne October 1841 mein Nasir Khan ko Kalat ki masnad par bithaya.

6 October 1841 ko Kalat mein hone wale muahide mein Nasir Khan ne khud ko Shah Shuja aur un ke jaanasheenon ka bajguzar tasleem kiya, jaise un ke buzurg pehle the. Kachhi aur Mastung unhein wapas mile, aur unhon ne wada kiya ke woh hamesha apne darbar mein muqeem Angrez afsar ke mashware par chalenge. Magar Kabul se Angrezi fauj ki wapsi ke baad yeh muahida, Aitchison aur Gazetteer donon ke mutabiq, "murda harf" ban gaya.

Mastung tak ka rasta

Imperial Gazetteer (1908) ke mutabiq 1847 ke aaghaz se 1858 mein apni wafat tak Balai Sindh ki sarhad aur Balochistan ke mamlaat Jacob ke supurd rahe, aur Kalat mein un ka asar "bohat zyada" tha. Lambrick ke mutabiq Jacob aur Sindh ke commissioner Bartle Frere arse se sifarish kar rahe the ke khan ko pachas hazar rupay salana diye jayen, aur Governor General Lord Dalhousie ne Outram ki himayat ke baad yeh tajweez maan li. April 1854 ke aakhir mein Dalhousie ne Jacob ko muahida tay karne ka hukm diya.

Aitchison aur Gazetteer donon is ki wajah ek hi batate hain: England aur Russia ki jang ka khatra, aur maghribi sarhad par Angrezi asar mazboot karne ki zarurat.

Muahide mein kya tha

Aitchison ke majmue mein chhape matan ke mutabiq muahide ki saat shiqein thin:

Outram ka 6 October 1841 ka muahida mansookh.
Angrezi hukumat aur khan, un ke warison aur jaanasheenon ke darmiyan "daimi dosti".
Khan Angrezi hukumat ke dushmanon ki poori taqat se mukhalifat karenge, har mamle mein us se "matehat taawun" karenge, aur us ki razamandi ke baghair kisi riyasat se mazakrat nahin karenge; hamsayon se mamool ki khat o kitabat jari rahegi.
Agar Kalat ke kisi hisse mein Angrezi fauj rakhna zaroori samjha gaya to woh un jaghon par rahegi jo Angrez hukkam munasib samjhein.
Khan apni raaya ko Angrezi ilaqe mein ya us ke qareeb loot mar se rokenge, Sindh ya Sonmiani aur Makuran ki bandargahon ke raste Afghanistan aane jaane wale tajiron ki hifazat karenge, aur tay shuda mehsool se zyada kuch nahin lenge.
In zimmedariyon ki har saal wafadari se adaigi ki shart par Angrezi hukumat khan ko pachas hazar Company rupay salana wazifa degi.
Jis saal yeh sharait poori na hon, us saal wazifa nahin milega.

Sath lage jadwal mein mehsool tay tha: shumali sarhad se Karachi ya kisi aur bandargah tak har unt ke bojh par chhe rupay, aur Shikarpur tak paanch rupay; ulti simt jane wale maal par bhi yehi sharah. Muahide ki tauseeq June 1854 mein Calcutta ke Fort William mein Governor General-in-Council ne ki, aur is par Dalhousie ke dastakhat hain.

Do zaviye

Angrezi daur ka bayan. Lambrick ke mutabiq Dalhousie ne Jacob ko zati khat mein likha ke "aap hamari tamam tawaqqoat se bohat aage nikal gaye hain", aur 1854 ka baqi saal qafilon ki loot mar ke baghair guzra. Kachhi ke Gazetteer ke nazdeek is muahide ne khan aur Angrezi hukumat ke talluqat ko "mazboot bunyad" par rakh diya. Jacob ke ek aur sawaneh nigar Alexander Shand (1900) likhte hain ke Jacob ki nazar mein naujawan khan ko wazifa dena mahaz "pecha ka patla sira" dakhil karna tha; woh Quetta mein Angrezi fauj chahte the.

Tanqeedi bayan. Muhammad Naeem aur Nasreen Afzal (The Dialogue, 2025) ke mutabiq 1838 se 1876 tak ke muahidon ne khanait-e-Kalat ko ek azad riyasat se Angrezon ki "bajguzar riyasat" bana diya. Un ka kehna hai ke Angrezon ne khan ko markazi ikhtiyar mazboot karne mein madad di magar unhein qabail se door kar ke apne upar munhasir kar diya, aur khan sardaron se zyada Angrezon ke samne jawabdeh ho gaye.

Sarawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq 1854 tak riyasat ki koi mustaqil fauj nahin thi; isi saal Nasir Khan doem ne pehli baar "Fateh Jang" paidal regiment, sawaron ka dasta aur top khana khara kiya, jise sardaron ne apne ikhtiyar mein sangeen mudakhalat samjha.

Is waqt duniya mein

Crimea ki jang: 28 March 1854 ko Britain aur France ne Russia ke khilaf jang ka elan kiya. Lambrick ke mutabiq Jacob ko umeed thi ke unhein apne sawaron ke sath Turkey bheja jayega.

Aage kya hua

1857: Nasir Khan doem ka intiqal hua; Aitchison ke mutabiq aam khayal tha ke unhein zehar diya gaya. Un ke sautele bhai Mir Khudadad Khan sardaron ke intikhab se khan bane; Sarawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq un ki umar us waqt solah baras thi.
1863–1864: Sardaron ne Khudadad Khan ke chachazad Sherdil Khan ko khan bana diya; 1864 mein Sherdil Khan qatl hue, Khudadad Khan dobara khan bane aur 1854 ke muahide ka muattal wazifa bahal hua.
1873: Angrez political agent Kalat se chala gaya aur 1854 ke muahide ke tehat wazifa rok diya gaya; khan ko bataya gaya ke tijarat ki hifazat ki un ki zimmedari badastoor qaim hai.
8 December 1876: Jacobabad mein naya muahida hua jis ne 1854 ke muahide ki tajdeed ki, wazifa barha kar ek lakh rupay kiya, aur Kalat mein Angrezi fauj aur afsaron ke liye rasta khola. Aitchison ke mutabiq yehi muahida Balochistan Agency ki bunyad bana.

Kya aap ke paas Kalat ke purane darbar, Mastung ya Jacob ke daur se mutaliq koi tehreer, sanad ya tasveer hai? Hamein zaroor bhejein. Hum ise aap ke naam ke sath is safhe par shamil karenge.

Makhaz

C. U. Aitchison (comp.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, vol. XI, 5th ed., "revised and continued up to 1929", Calcutta: Government of India, 1933 (archive.org scan and OCR, opened): Kalat narrative (Mehrab Khan, the fall of Kalat in November 1839, Shah Nawaz Khan, the revolt and the reversal of policy, the 1841 treaty as a "dead letter", the 1842 proposal, the threat of war with Russia, Nasir Khan's death in 1857, Khudadad Khan, the 1859 grant, Sherdil Khan, the 1873 withholding of the subsidy, the 1876 treaty as "the foundation of the Baluchistan Agency"); Treaty No. II (Kalat, 6 October 1841) and Treaty No. III (Mastung, 14 May 1854) in full, with the schedule of duties and the ratification note. https://archive.org/details/acollectionoftreatiesengagementsandsanadsaitchisonc.u.vol11_83_O
H. T. Lambrick, John Jacob of Jacobabad, London: Cassell, 1960, pp. 201, 258–260 (archive.org scan and OCR, opened): Frere and Jacob's subsidy proposal; Outram's advocacy; the Khan's meeting with Frere in February 1854; Dalhousie's order of late April 1854; Napier's view of the 1841 treaty; Jacob's arrival at Mastung on 12 May, formalities the next day, signing "next day"; Dalhousie's letter; the quiet rest of 1854; Jacob's hope of going to Turkey. https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.53775
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vols. VI, VI-A and VI-B: Sarawan, Kachhi and Jhalawan, Bombay: Times Press, 1907, Sarawan pp. 34–35 (Outram installs Nasir Khan in October 1841; the 1841 treaty a dead letter; the 1854 treaty and its terms; quarrels with the chiefs over mercenary troops; Nasir Khan's death in 1857; Khudadad Khan aged sixteen), Sarawan Levies section (no standing army before 1854; Fateh Jang regiment), Kachhi pp. 24–25 (the 1854 treaty placed relations "on a sound footing"). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668
Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan, Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1908, pp. 16, 19 (Nasir Khan II; the 1854 treaty and the "European imbroglio with Russia"; Jacob in charge from 1847 to 1858 and his influence at Kalat). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120382
Alexander Innes Shand, General John Jacob, Commandant of the Sind Irregular Horse and Founder of Jacobabad, London: Seeley, 1900, ch. XIII, "Affairs of Khelat", pp. 182–183 (archive.org OCR, opened): subsidising the Khan as "the thin end of a wedge"; Jacob's paper on Quetta and the Bolan. https://archive.org/details/generaljohnjacob00shanrich
Muhammad Naeem and Nasreen Afzal, "The British Occupation of Kalat: A Critical Appraisal of the Establishment of British Rule in Baluchistan", The Dialogue (Qurtuba University), vol. 20, no. 2, April–June 2025, pp. 87–88 (PDF opened): the treaties of 1838–1876 turned Kalat into a "British vassal state"; the 1854 terms; British support for the Khan's centralisation and his growing dependence on the British (citing Axmann). https://journals.qurtuba.edu.pk/ojs/index.php/thedialogue/article/download/86126/469/7682
"Crimean War", Encyclopaedia Britannica ("On March 28 Britain and France declared war on Russia"). https://www.britannica.com/event/Crimean-War

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