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8 December 1876: Muahida-e-Jacobabad

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 8 minute ka mutalia

Tareekh ke Auraq: Yeh tehreer Roznama Atemad ke ijra (October 1970) se pehle ke aik din ki kahani hai, jo dastiyab tareekhi makhaz se murattab ki gayi hai.

Jumma, 8 December 1876. Sindh ki sarhad par Jacobabad mein ghair mamooli hujoom hai. Viceroy-e-Hind Lord Lytton aik raat pehle pohanche hain, aur Khan-e-Kalat Mir Khudadad Khan apne sardaron ke sath un ke muntazir the. Sandeman ke sawaneh nigar T. H. Thornton ke mutabiq muahide ke musawwade par raat gaye tak bahes hui aur aakhir matn tay ho gaya. Aaj sehpehar sarhe teen bajay, Sindh Frontier Force ke commander ki rehaish gah "Jacob’s Castle" ke darbar hall mein, is par dastakhat honge. Balochistan mein angrezi amal dakhal ka aik naya daur isi dastawez se shuru hua.

Intishar ke bees baras

Imperial Gazetteer (1908) ke mutabiq Mir Khudadad Khan 1857 mein kam umri mein Khan bane, aur is ke baad 1876 tak Kalat ki tareekh "badnazmi, baghawat aur ziyadti" ki taweel dastan hai jis mein saat bari aur kai chhoti baghawatein hui. March 1863 mein Khan ke chachazad Sherdil Khan ne un par qatilana hamla kiya aur masnad par qabiz ho gaye; Khudadad Khan 1864 mein wapas aaye.

1907 ke zilai Gazetteer ke mutabiq March 1873 mein angrez Political Agent Kalat se wapas bula liya gaya aur Khan ka salana wazifa rok diya gaya. Khan ko bataya gaya ke 1854 ke muahide ke tahat tijarat ki hifazat aur sarhad par aman un ki zimmedari hai, aur garbar hui to angrezi hukumat khud iqdam karegi. 1875 mein hukumat-e-Hind ne Captain Robert Sandeman ko Khan aur sardaron mein sulah karane bheja. Imperial Gazetteer ke mutabiq yeh pehla mission poori tarah kamyab na hua, aur is ke fauran baad Mengal sardar Noor-ud-Din apne kai sathiyon samet Khan ke hathon mare gaye; ilzam yeh tha ke woh Khan ki jaan ke khilaf sazish mein shareek the. 1876 ke mausam-e-bahar mein Sandeman bare daste ke sath dobara aaye.

Mastung ka darbar

Mulaqat ke liye Mastung chuna gaya. Thornton likhte hain ke Khan pehle Kalat se nikalne par amada na the: angrezi sarparasti mein apne baghi sardaron se milna unhein zati subki lagta tha, unhein sardaron ki dagha ka dar tha aur shayad angrezon ke iradon par bhi shubah tha. Sandeman ne Viceroy ka khat Captain Wylie ke hath bheja aur Khan aa gaye.

Thornton ke mutabiq salisi committee bani: teen arkan Khan ke, teen sardaron ke, Munshi Hitti Ram secretary aur Sandeman aakhri salis. Committee ne 9 se 11 July tak fareeqain ke dawe sune, aur 13 July ko bara darbar hua jis mein sharait ka elan hua aur islami riwaj ke mutabiq halaf liye gaye; 1907 ka Gazetteer darbar ki tareekh 14 July likhta hai. Sarawan aur Jhalawan ke sardaron ne Khan ki itaat ka iqrar kiya, aur Khan ne un ke "qadeem huqooq aur muraat" bahal kar ke wada kiya ke jab tak woh wafadar rahen, un se husn-e-sulook hoga. Imperial Gazetteer ne is tasfiye ko Brahui confederacy ka "Magna Carta" kaha.

Muahide mein kya tha

Aitchison ke majmoo mein chhape matn ke mutabiq muahida Lord Lytton ne angrezi hukumat ki taraf se aur Mir Khudadad Khan ne apni taraf se kiya. Is ne 14 May 1854 ke muahide ki tajdeed ki aur "daimi dosti" ka elan kiya. Angrezi hukumat ne Kalat ki "azadi ka ehtram" karne aur zaroorat par Khan ki madad ka wada kiya. Kalat mein angrez agent mustaqil rahenge; Khan aur sardaron ka tanaza pehle agent ki musalihat aur phir angrezi hukumat ki salisi mein jayega jis ka faisla Khan manenge. Khan ki darkhast par angrezi fauj ka dasta un jagahon par rahega jo angrezi hukumat tay kare, aur usi ki marzi se wapas jayega. Rail aur taar ki lainein bahami tay shuda sharait par banengi, tijarat azad hogi, wazifa pachas hazar se barha kar aik lakh rupay salana hoga, aur tijarati rastoon ke liye mazeed 20,500 rupay salana milenge.

Thornton ke mutabiq dastakhat ke baad Viceroy ne Khan ko khali khazane ke liye teen lakh rupay ka tohfa diya aur elan kiya ke Sandeman un ke darbar mein angrezi numainda honge. Aitchison ke mutabiq Lytton ne usi mauqe par wada kiya ke Sandeman Makuran ja kar wahan ke muamlat tay karenge. Thornton yeh bhi likhte hain ke dastakhat se pehle hi Sandeman ne Khan ki ijazat se apne muhafiz daste ka aik hissa Quetta mein thehra diya tha.

Do nuqta-e-nazar

Angrezi bayan. Thornton ke nazdeek 1854 ke muahide mein sirf Khan fareeq the, jab ke 1876 mein sardaron ka bhi zikr hai; aur agency aur salisi ki shaqon ne adam mudakhlat ki purani policy khatam kar ke khaniyat mein "musalsal khana jangi" ki jagah aman qaim kiya. Hukumat-e-Hind ne 23 March 1877 ke marasle mein ummeed zahir ki ke yoon Kalat saltanat ki aik "izafi faseel" ban jayega.

Tanqeedi bayan. Muhammad Naeem aur Nasreen Afzal (The Dialogue, 2025) ke mutabiq 1838 se 1876 tak ke muahidon ne khaniyat-e-Kalat ko aik azad riyasat se angrezon ki "bajguzar riyasat" bana diya. Un ka kehna hai ke kaghaz par Kalat ki azadi tasleem ki gayi, magar amlan talluq badal gaya: "Sandeman System" ne sardaron ko angrezi sarparasti mein Khan ke barabar kar diya aur Khan aise sarbarah-e-riyasat reh gaye jin ke paas ikhtiyarat na the.

Dunya mein is mahine

5 December 1876, New York: Brooklyn Theatre mein aag se kam az kam 278 afrad halak hue.
6 December 1876, America: Pennsylvania mein America mein pehli baar mayyat ko jalaya gaya.
23 December 1876, Istanbul: European taqaton ki Qustuntunia conference shuru hui.

Aage kya hua

Yakam January 1877: Khan, Sandeman ke sath, Delhi ke shahi darbar mein shareek hue; usi din Sandeman ko C.S.I. ka aizaz mila.
21 February 1877: Sandeman Agent to the Governor General muqarrar hue, sadr maqam Quetta rakha gaya, aur angrezi fauj Quetta aur Mithri mein thehrai gayi. Aitchison ke alfaz mein yeh muahida "Balochistan Agency ki bunyad" tha.
Doosri Afghan jang ke dauran: Khan angrezon ke sath rahe; Gazetteer ke mutabiq unhein G.C.S.I. aur teen lakh rupay inam mila.
1883: Quetta ka ilaqa 25 hazar rupay salana par angrezon ko patte par diya gaya.
1893: Khudadad Khan apne bete Mir Mahmood Khan ke haq mein dastbardar hue.

Kya aap ke paas Sandeman ke daur, Mastung ke darbar ya Jacobabad ke is muahide se mutalliq koi purani tehreer, sanad ya tasveer hai? Hamein zaroor bhejein. Hum isey aap ke naam ke sath is safhe par shamil karenge.

Makhaz

C. U. Aitchison (comp.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, vol. XI, 5th ed., "revised and continued up to 1929", Calcutta, 1933: Kalat narrative (Sandeman's missions, Mastung darbar "in July 1876", treaty "concluded on the 8th" of December; the treaty as "the foundation of the Baluchistan Agency"; Sandeman appointed Agent on 21 February 1877, headquarters at Quetta, troops at Quetta and Mitri; Lytton's promise on Makran) and Treaty No. XII, full text, signed at Jacobabad, December 1876. https://archive.org/details/acollectionoftreatiesengagementsandsanadsaitchisonc.u.vol11_83_O
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vols. VI, VI-A and VI-B: Sarawan, Kachhi and Jhalawan, Bombay: Times Press, 1907, pp. 39–40 (withdrawal of the Political Agent and stopping of the subsidy in March 1873; Sandeman's missions; Mastung darbar "on the 14th of July"; treaty concluded at Jacobabad "on the 8th of that month"; terms; the Khan's G.C.S.I. and bonus after the Afghan war). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668
T. H. Thornton, Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman: His Life and Work on our Indian Frontier, London: John Murray, 1895, chs. IX–X, pp. 80–95 (the Khan's reluctance; the arbitration committee, 9–11 July; the durbar of 13 July; the Viceroy's arrival on 7 December; execution "at 3.30 p.m. on the 8th" in Jacob's Castle; the gift of three lakhs; the escort at Quetta; Delhi, 1 January 1877; Sandeman's C.S.I. and appointment of 21 February 1877; Government of India despatch of 23 March 1877). https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.92336
Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan (compiled by R. Hughes-Buller), Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing, 1908, pp. 16–17, 121 and the section on Native States (seven rebellions 1857–1876; Sherdil Khan, 1863; Sandeman's first mission and Nur-ud-din Mengal; Mastung agreement as "the Magna Charta of the Brahui confederacy"; treaty terms; Quetta leased in 1883 for Rs. 25,000). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.120382
Muhammad Naeem and Nasreen Afzal, "The British Occupation of Kalat: A Critical Appraisal of the Establishment of British Rule in Baluchistan", The Dialogue (Qurtuba University), vol. 20, no. 2, April–June 2025 (treaty signed at Jacobabad on 8 December 1876; Kalat turned into a "British vassal state"; the "Sandeman system" and the Khan's reduced role). https://journals.qurtuba.edu.pk/ojs/index.php/thedialogue/article/download/86126/469/7682

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