Orkhan: Bursa ko daarulhukumat banane wala Usmani hukmaran

Turkey ke shimal maghrib mein koh-e-Uludag (Uludag) ke daaman mein Bursa (Bursa) ka shehar aabad hai. UNESCO ke mutabiq yeh Usmani saltanat ka pehla daarulhukumat tha, aur is ki tameer ka jo tareeqa yahan apnaya gaya woh baad ke Usmani shehron ke liye namoona bana. Is shehar ko Usmani riyasat ka markaz banane wale is khandan ke doosre hukmaran Orhan (Orhan) the, jinhon ne 1324 se apni wafat tak hukumat ki. Britannica ke mutabiq inhi ke daur mein ek chhoti si riyasat ko ek taqatwar saltanat mein badalne wale idaron ki ibteda hui.

Khandan

Britannica ke mutabiq Orhan 1288 mein paida hue. Woh Usmani khandan ke bani Usman awwal ke bete the. Us waqt Usmani riyasat shimali maghribi Anatolia mein ek chhoti si riyasat thi, jis ke padosi mein Byzantine saltanat ke shehar aur kai doosri Turkman riyasatein thin. 1324 ke lagbhag walid ki wafat ke baad Orhan hukmaran bane.

Bursa: naya daarulhukumat

Britannica ke mutabiq 1324 mein Byzantine shehar Brusa (Brusa), yaani Bursa, Usmaniyon ke haath aaya; bohat si kitaabein is waqiye ko 1326 ka batati hain. Is ke baad 1331 mein Nicaea (Nicaea, maujooda Iznik) aur 1337 mein Nicomedia (maujooda Izmit) bhi Usmani riyasat mein shamil hue. Taqriban 1345 mein padosi Turkman riyasat Karasi (Karasi) ke ilhaq ke baad Anatolia ka poora shimali maghribi kona Orhan ke paas aa gaya.

Bursa Usmani hukmaranon ka markaz bana. UNESCO ke mutabiq chaudhwin sadi ke aaghaz mein yahan shehri aur dehi nizam ki ek aisi tanzeem wujood mein aayi jis ne Usmani saltanat ki buniyad rakhi.

Sikke aur fauj

Britannica ke mutabiq Orhan ke daur mein woh idare bante shuru hue jinhon ne Usmani riyasat ko ek taqatwar saltanat banaya. 1327 mein pehli baar Usmani chandi ke sikke Orhan ke naam se dhale gaye. Isi daur mein Anatolia ke naye ilaqon ka intizam mustahkam kiya gaya aur fauj ko zyada mustaqil bunyadon par munazzam kiya gaya.

Shehar basane ka naya tareeqa

Orhan ne naye shehron, khaas taur par Bursa, mein imaratein banwain. Britannica ke mutabiq in mein caravan sarayein bhi shamil thin, jo tijarat ke liye aham thin.

UNESCO ke mutabiq Bursa ko pehle Usmani hukmaranon ne ek naye aur munfarid shehri mansoobe ke tahat basaya. Purane faseel band shehar se bahar "kulliye" (kulliye) kehlane wale imaraton ke majmoo banaye gaye, jin mein aam taur par hammam, madrasa, ghareebon ke liye langar khana aur doosri awami sahulatein hoti thin. UNESCO ke mutabiq yeh majmoo rihaishi mohallon ke bannay se pehle hi bunyadi sahulatein faraham kar dete the, aur in ke gird naye mohalle aabad hote gaye. In ka kharch waqf ki jaidadon se chalta tha.

UNESCO ke mutabiq in mein se ek majmoo ke gird tijarati ilaqa parwan charha, jahan saudagaron ki sarayein (khan) aur bazaar bane, aur tijarati zindagi ka intizam kareegaron aur tajiron ki "Akhi" tanzeemon ke haath mein tha. UNESCO ke alfaz mein is tarah ek tezi se phailti hui saltanat ka ek zinda aur paidar daarulhukumat bohat jald qaim ho gaya. Is ke tarz-e-tameer mein Byzantine, Seljuk, Arab aur Irani asraat ek saath dikhai dete hain.

Safarat aur Europe

Orhan ke daur mein Usmani riyasat ka Byzantine saltanat se siyasi talluq bhi bana. Britannica ke mutabiq 1346 mein Orhan, Byzantine takht ke daawedar John VI Kantakouzenos ke ittehadi bane, aur isi ittehad ke tahat un ki shadi John VI ki beti Theodora se hui. Britannica ke mutabiq 1354 mein Usmaniyon ne aabnaye Dardanelles ke European kinare par Gallipoli (Gallipoli) ko apne mustaqil markaz ke taur par hasil kiya, aur yahin se Europe mein un ki maujoodgi ka aaghaz hua.

Ibn Battuta ki nazar mein

Mashhoor Moroccan sayyah Ibn Battuta chaudhwin sadi mein Anatolia se guzre. Un ke safarname mein Orhan ka zikr milta hai, aur aam taur par un ka yeh qaul naqal kiya jata hai ke Orhan Turkman badshahon mein sab se bade aur daulat, zameenon aur fauji taqat mein sab se ameer the.

Wafat

Britannica ke mutabiq Orhan ka intiqal 1360 mein hua, jabke doosre makhaz March 1362 batate hain. Un ki wafat Bursa mein hui aur wahin unhein dafn kiya gaya. Un ke baad un ke bete Murad awwal hukmaran bane.

Wirsa

UNESCO ne "Bursa aur Cumalikizik: Usmani saltanat ki paidaish" ke naam se Bursa ke aath muqamaat ko aalmi wirse mein shamil kiya hai, jin mein Orhan Ghazi ka maqbara bhi hai. UNESCO ke mutabiq Bursa, pehle Usmani daarulhukumat ki haisiyat se, baad ke tamam Usmani shehron ke liye namoona bana. Orhan ka daur is liye yaad rakha jata hai ke isi mein Usmani riyasat ke pehle sikke, pehli mustaqil fauji tanzeem aur pehla baqaida daarulhukumat wujood mein aaye.