Ibn Jubayr ka safarnama: Granada se Makkah aur wapsi, toofanon ke beech

Raat ka andhera, samandar mein toofan, jahaz ka patwar toot chuka, langar kaam nahin kar raha, aur musafir maut ke intezar mein hain. Phir subah hoti hai to maloom hota hai ke sahil aur shehar aadhe mile se bhi kam faasle par hain. Yeh manzar kisi film ka nahin balke barhwin sadi ke ek Andalusi haji ki diary ka hai. Us ka naam Ibn Jubayr (Ibn Jubayr) tha, aur us ka safarnama Arabi adab mein "Rihla" kehlane wali sinf ki bunyadi kitabon mein shumar hota hai.

Granada se rawangi

Ibn Jubayr ka poora naam Abul Hussain Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Jubayr al-Kinani tha. Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq woh 1145 mein Andalus ke shehar Valencia (Valencia) mein paida hue, Granada ke Muwahhidi hakim ke katib rahe, aur 1217 mein Iskandariya mein foot hue.

Un ka safarnama ek diary ki tarah tareekh war likha gaya hai, aur us ka pehla hi safha tareekhein deta hai. Woh likhte hain ke woh Hijaz ki niyat se jumeraat 8 Shawwal ke din, jo ajami mahine "Febrir" (February) ki 3 tareekh thi, Granada se rawana hue. Yeh 1183 ka February tha. Straits of Gibraltar paar kar ke woh Ceuta pahunche aur 24 February ko Genoa walon ke ek jahaz par sawar ho kar rawana hue. Tees din samandar par guzar kar woh 26 March ko Iskandariya utre.

Misr se Bahira-e-Ahmar tak

Iskandariya aur Qahira ke baad Ibn Jubayr ne Hajj ka woh rasta ikhtiyar kiya jo us zamane mein aam tha: Darya-e-Neel mein kashti se junoob ki taraf Qus tak, phir sehra paar kar ke Bahira-e-Ahmar ki bandargah Aidhab, aur wahan se samandar paar Jeddah.

Isi sehrai raste ka ek manzar hamare khitte se judta hai. Ibn Jubayr likhte hain ke unhon ne aane jaane wale caravan ginne ki koshish ki magar gin na sake, khaas taur par Aidhab ke woh caravan jo Hindustan ka woh saman uthaye hote jo pehle Yemen aur phir Yemen se Aidhab pahunchta. In mein sab se zyada siyah mirch thi, aur itni zyada ke Ibn Jubayr ko laga jaise us ki qeemat mitti ke barabar ho. Woh yeh bhi likhte hain ke raste ke kinare mirch, darchini aur doosre saman ke bojh baghair kisi pehredar ke pare milte; unt thak jate to malik saman wahin chhod dete, aur woh be shumar rahgiron ke bawajood mehfooz rehta yahan tak ke malik aa kar utha le jata. Yoon Bahr-e-Hind ki tijarat ka ek sira, jo barre-saghir ke sahilon se chalta tha, Misr ke sehra tak pahuncha hua tha.

Makkah, Madina aur Baghdad

Makkah aur Madina ka bayan Ibn Jubayr ke safarnama mein tafseel se aata hai. Hajj ke baad woh seedhe ghar nahin laute balke Madina hote hue Iraq ka rukh kiya, aur Baghdad, Mosul aur Damascus se guzar kar Sham ke sahil tak pahunche.

Baghdad ke bare mein woh likhte hain ke aam taur par Dajla par do pul hote the, magar sailab ek pul baha le gaya tha, is liye log kashtiyon mein paar jate; in kashtiyon ki tadad be shumar thi aur mard o aurat din raat in mein aate jate rehte. Unhon ne shehar ke mashhoor shifakhane (Maristan) ka haal likha. Un ke baqaul yeh Dajla ke kinare ek bara mahal numa imarat hai jis mein kamre aur rehaish ki tamam sahulatein hain. Tabeeb har peer aur jumeraat ko aa kar mareezon ka haal dekhte hain aur un ki zaroorat ki dawaein aur ghiza muqarrar karte hain, aur khadim yeh dawaein aur khana tayyar karte hain. Aath sau baras pehle ka yeh bayan ek munazzam hospital ki tasveer pesh karta hai.

Akka se Sicily: teen mahine samandar par

Wapsi ke liye Ibn Jubayr Sham ke sahil par Akka pahunche. Woh likhte hain ke peer 23 Jamadi ko, jo October ka pehla din tha, unhon ne jazira Sicily ke shehar Messina jane wale ek bare jahaz par kiraya diya. Log kehte the yeh safar das se pandrah din ka hai, is liye ehtiyat pasand tees din ka zad-e-rah sath rakhte hain. Magar Ibn Jubayr hairat se likhte hain ke unhon ne samandar par hi teen naye chand dekhe: Rajab, Shaban aur Ramzan ke.

Isi safar ke aakhir mein woh toofan aaya jis ka zikr shuru mein hua. Hawa aur maujon ne jahaz ko thapede mare yahan tak ke us ka ek patwar toot gaya. Langar dala gaya magar bekar raha aur us ki rassi katni pari. Mallahon ne chhoti kashti utari to maujon ne use sahil par patakh kar tor diya. Subah hui to samne aadhe mile se kam faasle par Messina shehar tha. Ibn Jubayr ke baqaul khud Sicily ka badshah William (Ghaliyam) apne aadmiyon ke sath yeh manzar dekhne sahil par aaya, aur shehar se kashtiyan musafiron ko utarne pahunchein.

Sicily mein unhon ne aatish fishan pahadon ka bayan bhi likha. Samandar se unhon ne do jazeeron se musalsal dhuan uthta dekha aur raat ko aag ke shole; unhein bataya gaya ke andar se tez hawa uth kar aag banati hai aur kabhi bare pathar hawa mein uchhal deti hai. Jazire ke bare pahar "Jabal-un-Nar" ke bare mein likhte hain ke baaz barson mein us se aag sailab ki tarah behti hai aur jo kuch raste mein aaye jala dalti hai yahan tak ke samandar tak ja pahunchti hai.

28 December ko woh Sicily ke maghribi shehar Trapani (Trapani) ki taraf rawana hue, kyunke wahan do jahaz khare the, ek Andalus aur doosra Ceuta jane wala. Raste ke musalsal gaon aur khet dekh kar unhein Cordoba ke zarkhez ilaqe ki yaad aayi.

Ghar wapsi aur safarnama ki qadr

Aakhirkar Ibn Jubayr jumeraat 22 Muharram ko, jo April ki 25 tareekh thi, Granada mein apne ghar pahunche. Yeh 1185 ki bahar thi. Woh likhte hain ke Granada se nikalne se wapsi tak poore do baras aur sarhe teen mahine guzre.

Mustashriq William Wright (William Wright) ne 1852 mein is safarnama ka Arabi matan pehli bar shaya kiya, aur Holland ke alim de Goeje (M. J. de Goeje) ne 1907 mein us ka nazar-e-sani shuda edition nikala. Wright ke dibache ke mutabiq Andalus ke logon mein Ibn Jubayr ki adabi shohrat un ki shayari aur khaas taur par isi safarnama ki wajah se thi, jo unhon ne apne pehle safar-e-mashriq ke dauran likha. Us ka poora nuskha sirf ek makhtote ki soorat mein baqi raha jo Holland ki Leiden University ke kutub khane mein mehfooz hai aur 875 Hijri mein Makkah mein naql hua tha. Wright likhte hain ke Ibn Jubayr baad mein dobara mashriq gaye. Us ka English tarjuma Ronald Broadhurst (Ronald Broadhurst) ne 1952 mein shaya kiya.

Ibn Jubayr ka safarnama hamein batata hai ke aath sau baras pehle ek haji ka safar kitna lamba, mehnga aur khatarnak tha, aur us ke bawajood us ki aankh bazar, hospital, pul aur pahar sab kuch dekh kar likhti rahi.