Amir Timur: Samarkand ki imaratein aur Timuri daur ki ibtida

Wasti Asia ke shehr Samarkand (Samarkand) mein feroze rang ke paslyon wale gumbad ke neeche ek maqbara hai jise Gur-e Amir (Gur-e Amir) kaha jata hai. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh Islami fan ke nageenon mein se hai, aur is mein Amir Timur (Timur) dafn hain, jinhon ne 1370 ke lag bhag se 1405 tak hukumat ki. Timur ki zindagi ka bara hissa jangi Muhimmat mein guzra, aur Britannica ke mutabiq unhein sab se zyada in Muhimmat ki tabah kariyon ki wajah se yaad kiya jata hai; magar Britannica yeh bhi likhta hai ke un ki sab se derpa yadgar Samarkand ki Timuri imaratein hain. Yeh mazmoon unhi pehluon tak mehdood hai.

Ibtidai zindagi

Britannica ke mutabiq Timur 1336 mein Samarkand ke qareeb Kesh (Kesh) mein paida hue, jo aaj Uzbekistan ka shehr Shehr-e-Sabz hai. Un ka talluq Barlas qabile se tha, jo Mangol nasl ka ek giroh tha jo Turk tehzeeb mein dhal chuka tha aur Changez Khan ke bete Chughtai ki Muhimmat ke baad Mawaraun-nahr mein abad ho gaya tha. Yun Timur ki parwarish Chughtai khanyat mein hui.

Britannica ke mutabiq ibtida mein Timur khana badoshon ke ek chhote giroh ke sardar the. 1366 ke lag bhag Mawaraun-nahr par un ki girift mazboot ho gayi, aur taqriban 1370 mein unhon ne Samarkand mein apni hukmarani ka elan kiya.

Wusat

Britannica ke mutabiq agli teen dahaiyon mein Timur ki faujein Mongolia ki sarhadon se Bahira-e-Room tak aur Hindustan se Russia tak ke ilaqon mein pohnchin. In Muhimmat mein kai shehr barbad hue.

Kheme ka darbar

Timur ki zindagi ka andaz khana badosh riwayat par qaim raha. Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne kabhi koi mustaqil rihaish ikhtiyar nahin ki. Jab woh kisi mohim par na hote to Mausam aur charagahon ke hisab se apni fauj ke sath jagah badalte rehte the, aur un ka darbar bhi un ke sath safar karta tha. Britannica ke mutabiq un ki koshish thi ke un ka darul-hukumat Samarkand Asia ka sab se shandar shehr bane, magar jab woh Samarkand aate to chand din hi shehr mein rehte aur phir shehr se bahar maidanon mein apne khemon mein laut jate.

Samarkand ki tameeraat

Britannica ke mutabiq Timur ki sab se derpa yadgarein Samarkand ki Timuri imaratein hain, jo neele, feroze, sunehre aur sang-e-marmar jaise rangon ke mosaic se saji hain. In mein sab se bari imarat shehr ki Jama Masjid hai, jo Bibi Khanum Masjid kehlati hai. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh zalzale se tabah ho gayi, magar is ke azeem gumbad ka baqi hissa aaj bhi buland khara hai. Britannica Hispanvi safeer Clavijo ke hawale se likhta hai ke Samarkand mein ek masjid ki tameer ke liye kanon se pathar lane mein nawe hathi istemal hue.

UNESCO ke mutabiq Samarkand, jis ki tareekh dhai hazar baras se zyada purani hai, ka sab se aham taraqqiyati daur chaudhwin aur pandrahwin sadi ka Timuri daur tha, jab yeh ek taqatwar saltanat ka darul-hukumat tha. UNESCO ke mutabiq Bibi Khanum Masjid aur Registan chowk jaisi imaraton ne Bahira-e-Room se barre-saghir tak poore khitte ke Islami fan-e-tameer par gehra asar dala. Samarkand ko UNESCO ne "Saqafaton ka sangam" ke naam se alami wirse mein shamil kiya hai.

Shehr-e-Sabz ka Aq Sarai

Timur ke abai shehr mein bhi ek bari imarat bani. UNESCO ke mutabiq Shehr-e-Sabz mein Aq Sarai (safed mahal) ki tameer 1380 mein shuru hui, aur is ki araish ke liye Khwarazm ke karigar laye gaye. UNESCO ke mutabiq Samarkand mein Timuri daur ki bohat si yadgarein hain, magar koi bhi Aq Sarai ka muqabla nahin kar sakti. Aaj is mahal ke azeem-ushshan darwaze ki bunyadein baqi hain, aur Shehr-e-Sabz ka tareekhi markaz bhi alami wirse mein shamil hai.

Clavijo ki sifarat

Timur ke daur ke Samarkand ka ek qeemti aankhon dekha haal ek European safeer ne likha. Britannica ke mutabiq Qashtala (Spain) ke badshah Henry soom ke darbari Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo (Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo) May 1403 mein Spain se rawana hue aur Qustuntunia, Trabzon aur Iran se hote hue Samarkand pohnche, jahan sifarat ka accha istaqbal hua. Woh 1406 mein Spain wapas pohnche. Un ka safarnama, jis mein Samarkand ka bohat jandar bayan hai, Madrid ki qaumi library mein do qalmi nuskhon ki surat mein mehfooz hai.

Wafat

Britannica ke mutabiq 1404 mein Timur Samarkand laute aur China ki mohim ki tayyari shuru ki. December mein woh rawana hue magar darya-e-Syr ke kinare Otrar (Otrar) ke maqam par bimar par gaye aur 19 February 1405 ko intiqal kar gaye. Un ki mayyat Samarkand layi gayi aur Gur-e Amir mein dafn ki gayi. Britannica ke mutabiq un ki qabr par yashab (jade) ki ek bari tooti hui sil hai. 1941 mein Soviet mahireen-e-asar ne qabr kholi to maloom hua ke Timur ki dayein taang aur bazu mein maazoori thi; isi wajah se un ke Irani mukhalifeen unhein "Timur Lang" kehte the, jo Europe mein "Tamerlane" (Tamerlane) ban gaya.

Wirsa

Britannica ke mutabiq Timur ki wafat ke baad un ke beton aur potun mein janashini ki kashmakash hui, jis ke baad un ke sab se chhote bete Shah Rukh ne ilaqe dobara yakja kiye. Timuri khandan Wasti Asia mein ek sadi tak qaim raha. Is daur mein Samarkand ilm aur science ka markaz bana, jahan Timur ke pote Ulugh Beg ne rasadgah qaim ki, aur Herat Farsi musawwari ke ek shandar maktab ka markaz bana. Britannica ke mutabiq solahwin sadi ke aghaz mein Timur ki nasl ke Zahiruddin Babur ne Kabul aur phir Delhi pohnch kar Mughaliya saltanat ki bunyad rakhi (un par is silsile ki pehli qist dekhiye).