Abdul Rahman al-Nasir: Cordoba ki khilafat aur Madinat al-Zahra ka bani

Daswin sadi eesvi ke aaghaz mein jazeera numa-e-Iberia, yaani aaj ke Spain aur Portugal, ka bada hissa musalmanon ke zer-e-iqtidar tha jise Andalus kaha jata tha. Is ka darul hukumat Cordoba tha, jahan Damascus ke Umayyad khandan ki ek shakh 756 se hukumat kar rahi thi. 912 mein isi khandan ke ek ikkees saala shehzade Abd al-Rahman III (Abd al-Rahman III) ne takht sambhala, jo baad mein "al-Nasir li-Din Allah" ke laqab se mashhoor hue. Unhon ne nisf sadi ke qareeb hukumat ki, 929 mein khilafat ka elaan kiya aur Cordoba ke qareeb Madinat al-Zahra ke naam se ek shahi shehar basaya.

Ibtidai zindagi

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Abd al-Rahman 18 December 890 ko Cordoba ke shahi mahal mein paida hue, agarche baaz maakhiz un ka saal-e-paidaish 889 ya 891 bhi batate hain. Woh Cordoba ke ameer Abdullah ke pote the. Abhi woh chand din ke the ke un ke walid Muhammad ko qatl kar diya gaya. Ameer Abdullah ke kayi bete zinda the, lekin unhon ne apne pote ko tarjeeh di, aur 912 mein un ki wafat ke baad Abd al-Rahman ameer bane.

Bikhri hui riyasat ko jodna

Abd al-Rahman ko jo riyasat wirse mein mili woh taqriban bikhar chuki thi. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq maqami sardaron ne apne apne ilaqon mein khudmukhtar riyasatein bana rakhi thin aur ameer ka moassir ikhtiyar Cordoba ke gird-o-nawah se aage bamushkil jata tha. Abd al-Rahman ne fauj ki kaman khud sambhali aur bairooni sipahi bharti kiye jin ki wafadari maqami giroohon se wabasta nahin thi.

Sab se bada challenge Umar bin Hafsun the, jo 880 se baghawat kar rahe the. 914 ki bharpoor muhim ke baad Ibn Hafsun ne 915 mein itaat qabool ki, magar un ke bete muzahmat jari rakhte rahe aur un ka markaz Bobastro (Bobastro) 928 mein fatah hua. Is ke baad 929 mein Merida, 932 mein Toledo (Toledo) aur 937 mein Zaragoza (Zaragoza) dobara markaz ke zer-e-nageen aaye. Yoon Muslim Andalus ek baar phir ek hukmaran ke tehat muttahid ho gaya.

Khilafat ka elaan

Is daur mein shimali Africa mein Fatimid khilafat qaim ho chuki thi, jise Cordoba ke Umayyad apne liye bada khatra samajhte the. Abd al-Rahman ne 931 mein Strait of Gibraltar ke paar Ceuta (Ceuta) par qabza kar liya taake kisi mumkina hamle ka rasta roka ja sake. Holland ke mowarrikh Reinhart Dozy (Reinhart Dozy) ke mutabiq ek taqatwar bahri bede ne unhein Mediterranean mein Fatimiyon ka muqabla karne ke qabil banaya.

January 929 mein Abd al-Rahman ne "Amir al-Momineen" ka laqab ikhtiyar kar ke apni khilafat ka elaan kiya. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq isi moqe par unhon ne "al-Nasir li-Din Allah" ka laqab apnaya. Is se pehle Cordoba ke Umayyad hukmaran sirf "Ameer" kehlate the. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq yeh Abbasiyon aur Fatimiyon donon ke liye ek wazeh siyasi paigham tha.

Shimali riyasaton se taluqat

Jazeera numa ke shimal mein Leon (Leon) aur Navarre (Navarre) ki Maseehi riyasatein thin. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is zamane mein un se jangein zyada tar ilaqai kashmakash ki soorat mein thin. 939 mein Simancas (Simancas) ke maqam par Leon ke badshah Ramiro II ke hathon khalifa ki fauj ko badi shikast hui, magar 950 ke baad Cordoba ki bartari qaim ho gayi. 950 mein Barcelona ne un ki baaladasti tasleem ki, aur 958 mein Leon aur Navarre ke hukmaran Cordoba aaye.

British mowarrikh Stanley Lane-Poole (Stanley Lane-Poole) ke mutabiq Navarre ki malika apne bete aur pote Sancho ke saath Cordoba aayin, jo Leon ka maazool badshah tha. Khalifa ke Yahudi tabeeb Hasdai ibn Shaprut (Hasdai ibn Shaprut) ne Sancho ka ilaj kiya, aur 960 mein khalifa ki fauj ki madad se Sancho dobara Leon ke takht par baitha. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Hasdai khalifa ke zaati moalij aur secretary bhi the, aur is daur mein Maseehi aur Yahudi bhi intizamia ke aala ohdon par faiz rahe.

Madinat al-Zahra

Abd al-Rahman ki sab se badi tameeri yadgar Cordoba ke maghrib mein Jabal al-Arus ke daman mein basaya gaya shahi shehar Madinat al-Zahra (Madinat al-Zahra) hai. Dozy aur World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is ki tameer 936 mein shuru hui, agarche jadeed tehqeeq ke mutabiq bada tameerati kaam shayad 940 ke aas paas shuru hua. Riwayat ke mutabiq is shehar ka naam khalifa ki ek biwi "al-Zahra" ke naam par rakha gaya.

Lane-Poole aur Dozy donon Arab mowarrikheen ke hawale se likhte hain ke is mansoobe par barson tak rozana taqriban das hazar karigar kaam karte rahe, aur Lane-Poole ke mutabiq khalifa apni amdani ka ek tehai har saal is par kharch karte the. Yahan mahallat ke saath sarkari daftar, baghat aur ek jama masjid thi. Tameer ka kaam un ke bete al-Hakam II ke daur mein bhi jari raha.

Isi shehar ke aiwan mein 949 mein Constantinople ke Byzantine shahenshah ke safiron ka istaqbal hua. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq safir apne badshah Constantine ka khat laaye the jo "neele kaghaz par sunehri huroof mein" Yunani zaban mein likha hua tha.

Madinat al-Zahra ki shan zyada der qaim na rahi. Gyarahwin sadi ke aaghaz mein Cordoba ki khilafat khana jangi ka shikar ho gayi. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq 1010 mein Berber dastoon ne Madinat al-Zahra par qabza kar ke ise loota aur aag laga di, aur yeh shehar khandar ban gaya. Yahan baqaida khudai 1911 mein shuru hui, aur ab tak shehar ke taqriban 112 hectare raqbe mein se sirf das hectare ke qareeb hissa khoda gaya hai. 2018 mein UNESCO ne ise "Khilafati shehar Madinat al-Zahra" ke naam se aalmi wirse ki fehrist mein shamil kiya.

Cordoba aur aakhri ayyam

Dozy ke mutabiq is daur ka Cordoba apni wusat aur shan mein sirf Baghdad se peeche samjha jata tha, aur Germany ki ek hum asr shaira rahiba Hroswitha (Hroswitha) ne ise "dunya ka zewar" kaha. Khalifa ne shehar ke kutub khane ko bhi wusat di, jise un ke bete al-Hakam II ne mazeed barhaya.

Abd al-Rahman al-Nasir October 961 mein inteqal kar gaye aur un ke bete al-Hakam II janasheen hue. Lane-Poole ek Arab mowarrikh ke hawale se likhte hain ke wafat ke baad khalifa ki apni tehreer mein ek kaghaz mila jis mein unhon ne apni taweel hukumat ke woh din gine the jo har ranj se khali guzre, aur un ki tadad sirf chaudah thi.

Wirsa

Mowarrikheen Abd al-Rahman ke daur ko umooman Muslim Andalus ka sunehri daur qarar dete hain. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq unhein ek aisi riyasat mili thi jis ka ikhtiyar Cordoba ki faseel se bahar bamushkil jata tha, aur unhon ne Muslim Andalus ko muttahid kar ke shimal ki badi Maseehi riyasaton se bhi apni bartari manwai. Isi maakhiz ke mutabiq mukhtalif mazahib ke logon ke pur-aman saath rehne ka tasawwur, jise "Convivencia" kaha jata hai, baaz auqat mubalghe ke saath bayan kiya jata hai, aur isi daur mein Arab, Berber aur Saqaliba ke darmiyan woh kasheedgiyan bhi panapne lagin jo baad mein khilafat ke zawal ka sabab baneen.

Aaj Madinat al-Zahra ke khandar Cordoba ke bahar isi daur ki yaad dilate hain.