Abu Jafar al-Mansur: Baghdad ka gol shehar basane wala Abbasi khalifa

Aaj ka Baghdad duniya ke bade shehron mein shumar hota hai, magar 762 se pehle Dajla ke maghribi kinare par yahan sirf ek chhoti si basti thi. Is basti ko ek shandar darul hukumat mein badalne wale Abbasi khalifa Abu Jafar al-Mansur (al-Mansur) the, jinhon ne 754 se 775 tak hukumat ki. Encyclopaedia Britannica ke mutabiq woh Abbasi khandan ke dusre khalifa the aur unhein aam taur par Abbasi khilafat ka asal bani samjha jata hai. Un ki sab se derpa yadgar Baghdad hai.

Ibtidai zindagi

Britannica ke mutabiq Mansur 709 aur 714 ke darmiyan al-Humaymah (al-Humaymah) mein paida hue, jo us waqt Sham ka hissa tha aur aaj Jordan mein hai. Yeh qasba 687-688 se Abbasi khandan ka ghar tha. Un ke walid Muhammad, Hazrat Abbas ke parpote the, aur un ki walida Berber nasl se thin.

Takht nashini aur Hashimiya

Pehle Abbasi khalifa Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah, Mansur ke bhai the. Britannica ke mutabiq 754 mein sirf paanch baras ki khilafat ke baad un ka intiqal hua, aur khilafat Mansur ko mili.

British mahir-e-jughrafia Guy Le Strange (Guy Le Strange) ke mutabiq Saffah Furat ke kinare Anbar ke paas "Hashimiya" nami mahal mein rehte the, jis ka naam khandan ke jadd-e-amjad Hashim ke naam par tha. Mansur ne khalifa banne ke baad isi naam ki ek dusri rehaish gah Kufa ke qareeb banwai, magar jald hi ise darul hukumat ke liye namunasib samajh kar chhor diya. Is ka sahih maqam aaj bhi tay nahin.

Naye darul hukumat ki talash

Le Strange ke mutabiq Mansur ne naye darul hukumat ke liye kai safar kiye aur Dajla ke kinare kinare Jarjaraya se Mosul tak jagahein dekhin. Akhirkar Dajla ke maghribi kinare par ek Farsi basti "Baghdad" ka intikhab hua, jo Sarat nehr ke Dajla mein girne ki jagah se zara upar thi.

Encyclopaedia Iranica ke mutabiq yeh jagah Sasani darul hukumat Ctesiphon (Ctesiphon) ke qareeb thi, aur Britannica ke mutabiq Mansur ne Ctesiphon ke khandrat se tameeri saman lane par bhi ghaur kiya tha. Iranica ke mutabiq shehar ka sarkari naam "Madinat al-Salam", yaani salamti ka shehar, rakha gaya.

Gol shehar ki tameer

Le Strange ke mutabiq Mansur ne 145 hijri, yaani 762 mein naye shehar ki bunyad rakhi. 763 tak tameer itni aage barh chuki thi ke khazana aur sarkari daftar (diwan), jo arzi taur par Kufa mein the, Baghdad muntaqil kar diye gaye. Is ke baad ek lakh karigar musalsal kaam karte rahe, aur 766 mein "Mansur ka gol shehar" mukammal ho gaya. Le Strange ke mutabiq karigar Sham, Mosul, Iran aur Babil ke ilaqe se bulaye gaye the, aur un ke sath mahir memar aur zameen napne wale bhi the.

Shehar ka naqsha pehle zameen par rakh ki lakeeron se khencha gaya, aur ise numayan karne ke liye lakeeron ke sath sath tel mein bheege rui ke gole rakh kar jalaye gaye.

Naqsha aur darwaze

Le Strange ke mutabiq shehar ham markaz dairon ki shakl mein tha: bahar do faseelein, un ke bahar pani se bhari ek gehri khandaq, aur andar beech ke maidan ke gird ek teesri deewar. Har daire mein barabar fasle par chaar darwaze the. Janub maghrib mein Kufa darwaza aur janub mashriq mein Basra darwaza Sarat nehr ki taraf khulte the; shumal mashriq mein Khorasan darwaza Dajla par kashtiyon ke bade pul ki taraf jata tha; aur shumal maghrib mein Sham darwaza Anbar ki shahrah se milta tha. Har darwaze se ek sarak pahiye ki teeliyon ki tarah beech ke maidan tak jati thi.

Shehar ke size ke bare mein qadeem musannifeen ke adad mukhtalif hain. Muarrikh Yaqubi ke mutabiq bahar ek darwaze se dusre darwaze tak fasla taqriban sawa do kilometre tha. Le Strange likhte hain ke gol shehar ka yeh naqsha us daur ke Muslim shehron mein ek nayi cheez tha aur ghaliban Iran se liya gaya tha. Iranica ke mutabiq Sasani Iran ke Darabgird aur Firozabad bhi gol shehar the aur Baghdad ki tarah un ke bhi chaar bade darwaze the.

Le Strange ke mutabiq deewarein dhoop mein sukhai gayi bohat badi kachi eentoon se baneen, aur andar ki badi faseel taqriban 90 feet unchi thi.

Sabz gumbad wala mahal

Shehar ke bilkul beech mein khalifa ka mahal tha, jo "Bab al-Dhahab" (sunehri darwaza) ya "al-Qubba al-Khadra" (sabz gumbad) kehlata tha, aur is ke sath jama masjid thi. Le Strange ke mutabiq Mansur ka khayal tha ke hukmran ko sab ke beech mein aur sab se barabar fasle par rehna chahiye. Mahal ka raqba taqriban do sau gaz murabba tha, aur is ka sabz gumbad zameen se taqriban 120 feet uncha tha, jis ki choti par ek ghurswar ka mujassama tha; is mujassame ke bare mein baad mein kai afsane mashhoor hue. Yeh gumbad 941 mein ek toofan ke dauran gir gaya.

Iranica ke mutabiq mahal mein Irani tarz ka aiwan tha jis ke peeche gumbad wala kamra tha, aur masjid eentoon ki deewaron aur lakri ke sutoonon par tiki hamwar chhat wali imarat thi.

Intezam, bazar aur naye mohalle

Britannica ke mutabiq naya darul hukumat banane ki ek wajah tezi se barhti hui sarkari machinery ko jagah dena tha, jise Mansur ne Irani intizami tasawwurat ke zer-e-asar taraqqi di. German muarrikh Julius Wellhausen (Julius Wellhausen) ke mutabiq Mansur Umawi khalifa Hisham ke munazzam khazane aur diwan ko ek misal ke taur par saraha karte the. Le Strange ke mutabiq beech ke maidan ke gird aslaha khana, sarkari khat o kitabat, zamini mehsool, shahi mohar, fauj, tameerat aur tankhwahon ke daftar qaim the.

Britannica ke mutabiq Baghdad Dajla ke kinare us maqam par waqe hai jahan yeh darya Furat ke sab se qareeb aata hai, yaani taqriban 40 kilometre ke fasle par, aur dono darya nehron ke zariye jure hue the. Le Strange ke mutabiq shuru mein bazar shehar ke darwazon se aane wali charon sarkon ke mehrabi baramdon mein the, magar kuch baras baad Mansur ne tamam dukanein shehar se bahar muntaqil kar ke tajiron ke liye Karkh ka muzafati ilaqa basaya.

157 hijri (773-774) mein Mansur ne Khorasan darwaze ke bahar Dajla ke kinare "al-Khuld" nami ek naya mahal banwaya. Iranica ke mutabiq 768 mein un ke bete aur wali ahd al-Mahdi ne Dajla ke mashriqi kinare par ek nayi abadi qaim ki. Yun Baghdad dono kinaron par phailne laga.

Wafat

Britannica ke mutabiq Mansur daraz qad aur dubley the, rang gandumi aur darhi halki thi, aur un ke bare mein bohat se qisse un ki sada zindagi, kifayat shiari aur shair se mohabbat ko zahir karte hain. Un ka intiqal 7 October 775 ko Makkah jate hue raste mein hua, aur unhein Makkah ke qareeb dafan kiya gaya. Un ke baad un ke bete al-Mahdi khalifa bane, aur baad ke tamam Abbasi khulafa unhi ki nasl se the.

Wirasa

Iranica ke mutabiq Baghdad 762 se 1258 tak, ek mukhtasar waqfe ke siwa, Abbasi khulafa ka ghar raha, aur daswin sadi ke aakhir tak Arabi ilm o adab ka sab se ahm markaz aur ghaliban Muslim duniya ka sab se bada shehar tha. Le Strange ke mutabiq kachi eentoon se bane gol shehar ke asar aaj baqi nahin, magar is ka naqsha Arab jughrafia danon ki tehriron ke zariye mehfooz hai, aur Mansur ka basaya hua shehar aaj bhi Dajla ke dono kinaron par abad hai.