Ahmad bin Tulun: Misr ka muntazim aur Qahira ki surkh eenton wali masjid ka memar

Qahira ke purane hisse mein surkh eenton ki ek wasi imarat hai jis ka minar bahar ki taraf ghoomti hui seerhi ki wajah se door se pehchana jata hai. Yeh Masjid-e-Ibn-e-Tulun hai, jo nawin sadi mein Misr ke hukmran Ahmad bin Tulun (Ahmad ibn Tulun) ne banwai. Ahmad bin Tulun ne 868 se 884 tak Misr par aur baad mein Sham par bhi hukumat ki, aur Britannica ke mutabiq woh Tulooni khandan ke bani aur Misr ke pehle aise Muslim hukmran the jinhon ne Sham ko bhi apni amaldari mein shamil kiya.

Ibtidai zindagi

Britannica ke mutabiq Ahmad bin Tulun September 835 mein Baghdad mein paida hue. Un ka khandan Turk nasl se tha. Bachpan mein woh ghulam bana kar Abbasi khalifa ki zaati khidmat mein naye Abbasi darul hukumat Samarra (Samarra) pohanche. Baad mein unhon ne maujooda Turkey ke shehar Tarsus (Tarsus) mein Taleem hasil ki, aur phir Abbasi hukumat ke intizami dhanche mein taraqqi karte gaye.

Samarra mein guzra hua waqt un ki baad ki zindagi par gehra asar chhor gaya. Misr mein un ki banwai hui imaraton mein Samarra ke tarz-e-tameer ki jhalak saaf dikhai deti hai.

Misr aamad aur intizam

868 mein Ahmad bin Tulun Misr ke governor ke naib ki haisiyat se wahan pohanche. Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne jald andaza laga liya ke soobe mein asal ikhtiyar maliyat ke muntazim ke paas hai, aur agle chand barson mein unhon ne mahakma-e-maliyat ko apne intizam mein le liya. Britannica ki Tulooni khandan se mutaliq tehreer ke mutabiq 868 se 872 tak unhon ne Misr mein apni alag fauj munazzam ki aur Misr o Sham ke khazanon ka intizam sambhala.

878 mein Sham bhi un ke intizam mein aa gaya. Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne khalifa se rasmi tor par kabhi alehdagi ka elan nahin kiya, lekin amalan woh ek khudmukhtar hukmran the aur ek waqt ke baad unhon ne Baghdad ko kharaj bhejna band kar diya. Un ke daur ke sone ke dinaron par khalifa ke naam ke sath un ka apna naam bhi kanda hone laga.

Maeeshat aur Zaraat

Ahmad bin Tulun ko un ki maashi policyon ki wajah se bhi yaad kiya jata hai. Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne zarai paidawar barhai jis se tax ki aamdani mein izafa hua, aur is kamyabi ka saboot woh fazil raqam thi jo un ki wafat ke waqt khazane mein maujood thi. Britannica yeh bhi likhta hai ke un ke daur mein Misr aur Sham ke soobon mein Zaraat taraqqi karti rahi aur tijarat aur sanat ki hausla afzai hui.

Naya darul hukumat: Al-Qatai

Misr ka purana markaz Fustat (Fustat) tha. Ahmad bin Tulun ne is ke shimal mashriq mein ek naya shahi shehar Al-Qatai (al-Qata'i) basaya, jis ki bunyad aam tor par 870 mein batai jati hai. "Qatai" ka matlab hai hisse ya qatat: shehar ko mukhtalif mohallon mein banta gaya tha aur fauj ke har daste ko ek alag hissa diya gaya, jis ka naam isi daste par para. Yeh mansooba Abbasi darul hukumat Samarra ke namoone par banaya gaya tha.

Britannica ke mutabiq Tuloniyon ne sarkari tameraat ka ek poora program shuru kiya, jis mein Al-Qatai aur is ki azeem masjid shamil thi. Al-Qatai ka zyada tar hissa baad ki sadiyon mein khatam ho gaya aur aaj yeh ilaqa Qahira shehar ka hissa hai; is shehar ki sab se bari baqi nishani yehi masjid hai.

Masjid-e-Ibn-e-Tulun

Britannica ke mutabiq yeh masjid 876 mein banai gayi, aur UNESCO is ki tameer ka zamana 876 se 879 batata hai. Britannica ise surkh eenton ki ek "azeem aur shandar" imarat qarar deta hai, jis ke markazi hisse ko teen taraf se bairooni ahate ghere hue hain, jinhein arabi mein "ziyada" kaha jata hai.

Yeh imarat eent aur gach se bani hai. Britannica ke mutabiq yeh dono mawad is se pehle Misr ke fan-e-tameer mein bohat kam istemal hote the magar Iraq mein aam the, aur masjid ka namoona Samarra mein khalifa Al-Mutawakkil ki banwai hui Jama Masjid thi. Masjid ki bairooni deewaron ke upar kangore hain jinhein arayishi shakl de kar jaldar banaya gaya hai. Sehan ke gird chaudi mehraabon aur bhari sutoonon ke baramde hain, aur mehraabon par gach mein kanda nafees naqsh o nigar hain. Chhat wala andaruni hissa sutoonon ke zariye panch lambi qataron mein taqseem hai, jin par asal mein lakri ke kanda takhte lage hue the.

Minar aur baad ki tareekh

Masjid ka maujooda minar is ki sab se mashhoor khususiyat hai. Britannica ke mutabiq 1296 aur 1299 ke darmiyan masjid ki bari marammat hui aur isi dauran minar dobara banaya gaya. Is ki teen manzilein hain aur har manzil ki shakl alag hai: pehli chaukor, doosri gol jis ke gird seerhi ghoomti hai, aur teesri hasht pehlu. UNESCO bhi is ke ghoomte hue minar ka zikr karta hai.

Sadiyon mein is imarat ne kai rang dekhe. Britannica ke mutabiq atharwin sadi mein yahan petiyan banane ka karkhana raha aur 1814 mein ise dukanon mein bant diya gaya. 1890 mein ise tareekhi yadgar qarar diya gaya aur is ke baad is ki mukammal bahali hui. Aaj yeh UNESCO ke aalmi wirse "Tareekhi Qahira" ka hissa hai.

Wafat aur jaanasheen

Ahmad bin Tulun ka intiqal 884 mein hua; Britannica un ki wafat ka mahina March batata hai jabke baaz doosre makhaz May likhte hain. Un ke baad un ke bete Khumarawaih hukmran bane. Britannica ke mutabiq Ahmad ka daur Tulooni tareekh ka sab se aham daur tha; un ke jaanasheenon ke zamane mein maali aur fauji istehkam kamzor par gaya aur 905 mein Misr dobara barah-e-raast Abbasi intizam mein aa gaya.

Wirsa

Britannica ke mutabiq Tuloniyon ke daur mein Baghdad aur Samarra ki Abbasi fanni rawayaat pehli baar maghribi Islami duniya mein aayin, aur baad mein Misr par hukumat karne walon ke fan par bhi un ka asar para. Ahmad bin Tulun ka shehar Al-Qatai to mit gaya, magar eent aur gach ki un ki masjid gyarah sadiyon se zyada guzarne ke baad bhi Qahira mein khari hai.