Al-Zahir Baybars: Ain Jalut ka sipah salar aur Mamluk saltanat ka memar

Terahveen sadi ke wasat mein Mongol toofan maghribi Asia par chhaya hua tha. 1258 mein Mongolon ne Baghdad fatah kar ke Abbasi khilafat ka khatma kar diya aur 1260 mein Aleppo aur Damascus bhi un ke qabze mein aa gaye. Ab Misr un ka agla hadaf tha. Isi mauqe par September 1260 mein Baisan ke qareeb Ain Jalut ke maqam par Misr ki Mamluk fauj ne Mongolon ko shikast di. Is jang ke numayan salaron mein ek ghulam sipahi bhi tha jo chand hafte baad Misr ka sultan bana aur satrah baras hukumat ki. Us ka naam Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (Baybars) tha, jo al-Malik al-Zahir ke laqab se mashhoor hua.

Ghulami se fauj tak

Baybars terahveen sadi ki teesri dahai mein Bahira-e-Caspian aur Koh-e-Ural ke darmiyan Qipchaq Turkon ke ilaqe mein paida hue. Mauarrikh Stanley Lane-Poole ke mutabiq woh daraz qad aur neeli aankhon wale the, aur ek aankh mein nuqs ki wajah se ghulamon ke bazar mein un ki qeemat kam lagi. William Muir likhte hain ke unhein pehle Damascus mein becha gaya magar aankh ke nuqs ki wajah se wapas kar diya gaya.

Woh pehle ek ameer Aydakin al-Bunduqdar ki milkiyat mein rahe, isi nisbat se “al-Bunduqdari” kehlaye. Baad mein woh Ayyubi sultan al-Salih Ayyub ki khidmat mein aaye aur un ke tarbiyat yafta Mamluk dastoon mein shamil ho gaye jo “Bahri Mamluk” kehlate the.

1250 mein France ke badshah Louis IX ki qiyadat mein satwin Salibi jang ke dauran Mansura ki larai hui. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq jab Misri fauj ke aam daste bikhar chuke the to Baybars ki qiyadat mein Mamlukon ke hamle ne jang ka pansa palat diya. Isi saal Misr mein Ayyubi iqtidar khatam hua aur Mamluk umara ne hukumat sambhal li. Agle chand baras umara ki bahmi kashmakash mein guzre, jis dauran Baybars kuch arsa Misr se bahar bhi rahe.

Ain Jalut

1260 mein Mongol hukmran Halaku Khan ne Misr ke sultan Saif al-Din Qutuz (Qutuz) ko dhamki amez khat bheja aur itaat ka mutalba kiya. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq Qutuz ne Mongol safiron ko qatl karwa diya aur jang ka faisla kiya. Baybars harawal daste ke salar the aur unhon ne Gaza se Mongol daste ko nikala. Phir Misri fauj sahil ke saath shimal ki taraf barhi.

3 September 1260 ko Baisan ke qareeb Ain Jalut ke maqam par dono faujon ka takrao hua. Lane-Poole likhte hain ke Mongolon ke pehle zordar hamle ne Misri fauj ke ek hisse ko muntashir kar diya, magar taaqub mein Mongolon ki safein bikhar gayin aur Mamlukon ne jam kar jawabi hamla kiya. Mongol salar Kitbuqa (Kitbuqa) mara gaya aur Mongol fauj pasa ho gayi. Muir ke mutabiq yeh fatah Baybars aur Qutuz donon ki bahaduri ka nateeja thi. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is ke baad Mamlukon ne Mongolon ko darya-e-Furat tak peeche dhakel diya.

Wapsi ke safar mein iqtidar ka sawal khara hua. Mauarrikhin ke mutabiq Qutuz ne Baybars ko Aleppo ki governorship dene ka wada pura na kiya, jis ke baad Baybars ne dusre umara ke saath mil kar sazish ki aur Qutuz ko shikar ke dauran qatl kar diya gaya. Umara ne Baybars ko sultan chun liya aur October 1260 mein woh Cairo mein dakhil hue.

Saltanat ka intezam

Lane-Poole Baybars ko Mamluk saltanat ka “asal bani” qarar dete hain. Un ke mutabiq Baybars ne Mamluk fauj ko munazzam kiya, bahri bera dobara banaya, umara aur sipahiyon mein jagheerein taqseem kin, Misr mein pul aur nehrein banwayin aur Sham ke qilay mazboot kiye. Muir ke mutabiq unhon ne taxon mein kami ki, masajid ki tazeen ki aur mazhabi auqaf qaim kiye.

Un ka ek numayan karnama dak ka nizam tha. Lane-Poole ke mutabiq saltanat ke har hisse ko dar-ul-hukumat se jorne ke liye chowkiyan qaim ki gayin jahan taza dam ghore tayyar rehte the, aur sultan hafte mein do bar saltanat bhar se aane wali reporten dekhte aur un ka jawab dete the. Saath hi kabootron ke zariye paighamrasani ka baqaida nizam bhi maujood tha. Muir likhte hain ke Damascus se Cairo tak dak saath ghanton mein pahunch jati thi. Cairo mein 1267 se 1269 ke dauran un ke naam se ek bari masjid tameer hui.

1261 mein Baybars ne Abbasi khandan ke ek fard ko, jo Baghdad ki tabahi se bach nikla tha, Cairo bula kar khalifa ke taur par bithaya, aur khalifa ne unhein saltanat ki sanad ata ki. Muir ke mutabiq is se sultan ke iqtidar ko qanooni jawaz mila. Yeh khalifa Baghdad wapas jane ki koshish mein mara gaya to 1262 mein ek aur Abbasi ko khalifa banaya gaya, magar mauarrikhin ke mutabiq Mamluk daur mein yeh mansab zyada tar rasmi raha.

Salibi riyasaton aur Mongolon se jangein

Mongolon ke muqable ke liye Baybars ne Mongolon hi ki ek shakh, Talai Urdu (Golden Horde) ke hukmran Berke Khan se ittehad kiya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq yeh ittehad us waqt hua jab Berke aur Halaku ke darmiyan jang chhid chuki thi.

Sahili Sham mein baqi reh jane wali Salibi riyasaton ke khilaf Baybars ne kai Muhimmat kin. 1265 mein Caesarea aur Arsuf, 1266 mein Safad aur 1268 mein Antioch un ke hath aaye. Muir ke mutabiq Safad mein amaan diye jane ke bawajood muhafizon ko qatl kiya gaya aur Antioch mein bhi bari tadad mein log mare gaye ya ghulam banaye gaye; Muir ne in waqiat par sakht tanqeed ki hai. 1271 mein Sham ka mashhoor qila Krak des Chevaliers (Krak des Chevaliers) taweel muhasre ke baad fatah hua. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Baybars ne qilay ki marammat karwa ke ise Sham mein apna fauji markaz bana liya.

Un ki aakhri bari muhim 1277 mein Anatolia ki taraf thi, jahan Elbistan (Elbistan) ke qareeb unhon ne Mongol fauj ko shikast di.

Aakhri ayyam aur wirsa

Isi muhim se wapsi par Baybars Damascus mein thehre aur June 1277 ke awakhir ya July ke aghaz mein wahin intiqal kar gaye. Muir ke mutabiq ek riwayat yeh hai ke ghodi ka khameer shuda doodh (qumiz) peene ke baad unhein bukhar hua, jabke dusri riwayat zehar ka zikr karti hai. Unhein Damascus mein dafn kiya gaya aur un ki maut ki khabar taqriban ek mah tak chhupayi gayi, jis ke baad un ke bete al-Saeed takht par baithe.

Mauarrikhin ne Baybars ki shakhsiyat ke mukhtalif pehlu bayan kiye hain. Lane-Poole un ke ham asr William of Tripoli ka qaul naql karte hain ke Baybars “sipahi ke taur par Julius Caesar se kam na the aur badtinati mein Nero se”, magar wohi musannif unhein apne logon ke saath munsif bhi qarar deta hai. Muir un ki sakht geeri par tanqeed karte hain, magar yeh bhi likhte hain ke un ki sargarmi, awami kamon aur auqaf ki wajah se un ka naam unneesveen sadi ke aakhir tak Cairo ke qahwa khanon mein Misr ke azeem tareen salatin mein liya jata tha.

Baybars ne jis Mamluk riyasat ki buniyadein mazboot kin, woh 1517 mein Usmani fatah tak Misr aur Sham par hukmran rahi.