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Roomi concrete: do hazar saal se khari imaratein

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Aaj ki taqriban har imarat mein concrete lagta hai, aur aam taur par yeh chand dahaiyon baad marammat mangne lagta hai. Magar Rome mein ek gumbad aisa bhi hai jo taqriban unnis sau saal se baghair sariye ke khara hai, aur Bahira-e-Room ke sahilon par Roomi daur ki bandargahon ke pushte do hazar saal se samandar ki lehrein seh rahe hain. Yeh Roomi concrete ka kamaal hai, jis ka raaz scientist ab ja kar samajh rahe hain.

Concrete ki shuruaat

Smithsonian Magazine ke mutabiq Roomiyon ne do hazar saal se zyada pehle concrete banana shuru kiya, aur doosri sadi qabl masih ke aghaz tak woh isse bade taameeraati mansoobon mein istemal kar rahe the. Choone ka gara ghaliban Yunani bhi banate the, magar America ki University of Rochester ke engineer Renato Perucchio (Renato Perucchio) ke baqaul gare ko eent ya pathar ke tukdon ke sath mila kar concrete banana ghaliban Roomiyon ka tareeqa tha.

Nuskha sada tha. Choone ka pathar bhatti mein jala kar kali chuna banaya jata, is mein pani mila kar lai tayyar hoti, aur phir is mein aatish fishani raakh daali jati. Smithsonian ke mutabiq pehli sadi qabl masih ke Roomi memar Vitruvius (Vitruvius) ki tehriron mein aam taur par teen hisse raakh aur ek hissa chuna milta hai. Is gare mein mutthi barabar eenton ke tukde ya tuff (tuff) naami aatish fishani pathar mila kar tah dar tah bichhaya jata tha.

Aatish fishan ki raakh

Is masale ki asal jaan aatish fishani raakh thi. Vitruvius apni kitab "Fan-e-Taameer" mein likhte hain ke Khaleej-e-Naples ke qareeb Baiae (Baiae) aur Koh-e-Vesuvius ke aas paas ek khaas ret milti hai, jo choone aur pathar ke sath mil kar aam imaraton ki tarah pani ke andar bhi sakht ho jati hai, yahan tak ke lehrein bhi isse alag nahin kar patin. Yeh raakh qareebi shehar Pozzuoli (Pozzuoli) ki nisbat se "Pozzolana" kehlai.

Canada ki University of Ottawa ke Museum of Classical Antiquities ke mutabiq raakh mein maujood hal pazeer silica pani ki maujoodgi mein choone se mil kar cement jaisa gaarha aur mazboot maada banati hai.

Samandar mein concrete

Roomi concrete ka sab se hairan kun istemal samandar mein tha. Vitruvius bandargah banane ka tareeqa yun batate hain: Cumae (Cumae) ke ilaqe se layi gayi raakh ke do hisse ek hissa choone ke sath milaye jayein, shah balut ki lakdi ke khambon se pani ke andar ek ghera banaya jaye, aur phir isse pathar aur isi gare se bhar diya jaye.

Smithsonian ke mutabiq arziyat daan Marie Jackson (Marie Jackson) kehti hain ke Roomi yeh raakh hazaron ton ki miqdar mein bahri jahazon par laad kar Italy ke sahil se le kar Iskandariya aur Turkey tak bandargahein banane ke liye le jate the. America ki University of Utah ki 2017 ki ek report ke mutabiq Roomi musannif Pliny ne taqriban 79 eesvi mein likha tha ke bandargah ka yeh concrete pathar ka ek thos tooda ban jata hai jo har roz pehle se mazboot hota jata hai.

Utah University ke mutabiq Jackson ki team ne Roomi bandargahon se nikale gaye namoonon mein is ki wajah dhoond li. Samandari pani concrete mein ris kar aatish fishani raakh ke kuch hisse ghula deta hai, aur un ki jagah Al-tobermorite (Al-tobermorite) aur phillipsite (phillipsite) naami maadniyat ki tah dar qalmein ug aati hain, jo ek doosre mein phans kar masale ko mazeed mazboot kar deti hain.

Pantheon ka gumbad

Rome ka Pantheon (Pantheon) Roomi concrete ki sab se mashhoor misaal hai. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq maujooda imarat shehenshah Hadrian ke daur mein taqriban 125 eesvi mein mukammal hui, jabke Smithsonian aur Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 128 eesvi ki tareekh dete hain. Is ka gumbad 43.2 meter chaura hai, aur farsh se choti tak is ki unchai bhi itni hi hai. Choti par 8.8 meter ka ek gol roshan daan khula hai.

Gumbad ka wazan kam rakhne ke liye is ke concrete mein halka tuff aur jhanwein jaisa halka aatish fishani pathar milaya gaya, aur andar ki taraf chaukor khane bana kar wazan mazeed ghataya gaya. Smithsonian ke mutabiq yeh aaj bhi duniya ka sab se bada aisa gumbad hai jis mein lohe ka sariya nahin.

Khud bakhud bharne wali daraarein

Roomi concrete mein millimeter jitne safed zarrat aam nazar aate hain jinhein mahireen pehle laparwahi se ki gayi amezish ka nishan samajhte the. MIT News ke mutabiq January 2023 mein professor Admir Masic (Admir Masic) ki team ne Science Advances naami jareede mein bataya ke yeh zarrat dar asal ek khoobi hain. Team ne Italy ke qadeem shehar Privernum (Privernum) ki deewar ke gare ka jaiza liya tha.

In ke mutabiq Roomi ghaliban bujhe huay choone ke sath ya is ki jagah barah-e-raast kali chuna istemal karte the, jo pani milte hi shadeed garmi paida karta hai. Isi "garm amezish" se choone ke yeh zarrat bane. Jab koi daraar un tak pohanchti hai to pani un ka calcium ghol leta hai, jo dobara calcium carbonate ban kar daraar ko bhar deta hai. Tajurbe mein tore gaye namoonon mein chand hafton ke andar pani ka bahao ruk gaya, jabke kali choone ke baghair bana namoona theek na hua.

Aaj ka sabaq

Science Advances ke maqale ke mutabiq cement ki sanat duniya bhar mein greenhouse gasoon ke akhraj ka taqriban aath feesad paida karti hai. Zyada paidar concrete ka matlab kam marammat aur kam akhraj hai.

Pakistan ke shehron mein jo makan, pul aur sadkein roz banti hain, woh isi purani kahani ka naya baab hain. Roomi memaron ke paas khurdbeen nahin thi, magar unhon ne mushahide aur tajurbe se woh masala bana liya jis se aaj ke engineer bhi seekh rahe hain.

Makhaz

Erin Wayman, "The Secrets of Ancient Rome's Buildings", Smithsonian Magazine (16 Nov 2011). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-secrets-of-ancient-romes-buildings-234992/ — concrete begun more than 2,000 years ago, large-scale use by the beginning of the 2nd century BC; quicklime, water, volcanic ash about 3:1 per Vitruvius, first-century BC; mortar plus aggregate likely a Roman invention (Perucchio); ash shipped for harbours from Italy to Alexandria and Turkey (Jackson); Pantheon completed AD 128, largest unreinforced concrete dome.
Vitruvius, The Ten Books on Architecture, tr. Joseph Gwilt (1826), LacusCurtius, University of Chicago. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/2*.html and https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/5*.html — II.6: powder near Baiae and Vesuvius hardens under water; V.12: two parts powder from Cumae region to one of lime, cofferdams of oak piles filled with stone and mortar.
Museum of Classical Antiquities, University of Ottawa, "Roman Concrete". https://omeka.uottawa.ca/museumclassicalantiquities/exhibits/show/classical-architecture/roman-concrete — soluble silica in volcanic ash reacts with lime to form a cement-like gel; mixed on site and laid by hand in layers.
University of Utah News, "Roman concrete" (24 Feb 2017), on M. D. Jackson et al. in American Mineralogist. https://unews.utah.edu/articles/roman-concrete/ — Pliny c. AD 79 on harbour concrete growing stronger; ROMACONS drill cores 2002–2009; seawater dissolves volcanic ash and Al-tobermorite and phillipsite grow.
Joshua J. Mark, "Pantheon", World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/Pantheon/ — current building completed c. 125 CE under Hadrian; 43.2 m span equal to height; 8.8 m oculus; concrete with light tufa and scoria; coffers.
David L. Chandler, "Riddle solved: Why was Roman concrete so durable?", MIT News (6 Jan 2023). https://news.mit.edu/2023/roman-concrete-durability-lime-casts-0106 — Admir Masic's team; lime clasts once thought sloppy mixing; hot mixing with quicklime; self-healing of cracked samples, control without quicklime did not heal; Privernum sample; Pantheon dedicated 128 CE.
L. M. Seymour, J. Maragh, P. Sabatini, M. Di Tommaso, J. C. Weaver, A. Masic, "Hot mixing: Mechanistic insights into the durability of ancient Roman concrete", Science Advances 9 (2023) eadd1602. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9821858/ — mortar from the city wall of Privernum, about 2,000 years old; quicklime used instead of or with slaked lime; crack flow stopped within the 30-day test; cement up to 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions.

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