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Taamba: Pathar se dhaat tak insan ka pehla qadam

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Lakhon baras tak insan ke haath mein pathar, lakri aur haddi hi ke auzaar rahe. Phir kisi ne zameen se milne wale ek chamakdar surkhi mail tukde ko peeta aur dekha ke yeh pathar ki tarah tootta nahin, mur jata hai. Yeh taamba tha, woh pehli dhaat jis par insan ne kaam karna seekha. Aage chal kar usi seekhne ne kaansi, lohe aur aaj ki bijli ki taaron tak ka rasta khola.

Taamba aur dhaat kari kya hai?

Taamba ek naram, surkhi mail dhaat hai jo kabhi kabhi zameen mein khalis daliyon ki shakl mein bhi mil jati hai, jinhein qudrati taamba kaha jata hai. Britain ki Royal Society of Chemistry ke mutabiq tarikhi taur par taamba woh pehli dhaat hai jis par insanon ne kaam kiya. Is ka angrezi naam latini lafz "Cyprium" se nikla hai, yaani Cyprus ki dhaat.

Dhaat kari ke do bade marhale hain. Pehla yeh ke qudrati taambe ko peet kar aur garam kar ke manke ya sooiyan banayi jayen. Doosra, aur kahin zyada mushkil, marhala hai kuch dhaat ko bhatti mein tez aag par pighla kar is mein se taamba alag karna. Isi amal ko galana ya pighlana kehte hain, aur yehi asal inqilab tha.

Sab se purane saboot

Royal Society of Chemistry ke mutabiq shimali Iraq se taambe ke aise manke mile hain jo das hazar baras se zyada purane hain aur ghaliban qudrati taambe se bane the. Maahireen Benjamin Roberts aur un ke sathiyon ne 2009 mein "Antiquity" mein likha ke junoob maghribi Asia mein dhaat ka istemal andazan gyarahveen se naveen hazara-e-qabl maseeh mein shuru hua, aur is ka maqsad zindagi aur maut dono mein jism ko rangeen kuch dhaaton aur qudrati dhaaton se sajana tha. Un ke mutabiq kuch dhaat se taamba aur seesa nikalne ki technique chhathe hazara-e-qabl maseeh ke awail mein samne aayi.

Muhaqqiqeen Omid Oudbashi aur un ke sathiyon ke jaize ke mutabiq Irani satah murtafe par panchveen hazara-e-qabl maseeh mein log qudrati taambe se aage barh kar aisi kuch dhaatein pighlane lage jin mein qudrati taur par sankhiya mila hota tha.

Europe mein Serbia ke maqam Belovode se bhatti ka fazla mila hai. Maahir-e-asaar Miljana Radivojevic ki team ki 2021 ki kitab ke mutabiq yahan unchaswin sadi qabl maseeh mein taamba pighlane ke yaqini aur durust tareekh wale saboot mile hain, yaani taqriban saat hazar baras pehle ke. Kitab ke mutabiq yeh duniya mein poori tarah taraqqi yafta dhaat kari ka ab tak ka qadeem tareen maloom record hai.

Ek ijaad ya kai?

Maahireen mein yeh bahes abhi jari hai ke taamba pighlane ka fan ek jagah ijaad ho kar phaila ya kai jagahon par alag alag daryaft hua. Roberts aur un ke sathi ek hi ijaad ke hamayati hain; un ke khayal mein yeh fan un karigaron ke sath phaila jo dhaat ki nadir ashya ke peechhe peechhe safar karte the. Doosri taraf 2010 mein Science News ki ek report ke mutabiq Belovode ki daryaft is imkan ko taqwiyat deti hai ke taamba pighlana Asia aur Europe ke mukhtalif hisson mein taqriban ek hi zamane mein alag alag ijaad hua.

Mehrgarh ka chhe hazar saala taweez

Is kahani ka ek baab Balochistan mein bhi likha gaya. 2016 mein science jaridey "Nature Communications" mein scientists ki ek team ne Mehrgarh se milne wale taambe ke ek chhote taweez ka mutalia shaya kiya. Yeh taqriban chhe hazar baras purana hai aur Mehrgarh ke ibtidai taambe ke daur, yaani 4500 se 3600 qabl maseeh ki tahon se mila.

Yeh taweez pahiye ki shakl ka hai: 20 millimeter qutar ka ek halqa jis par chhe teeliyan hain. Aisi shakl kisi pakke sanche mein dhaal kar nikali nahin ja sakti, is liye muhaqqiqeen ne nateeja nikala ke ise "gum shuda mom" ke tareeqe se dhala gaya. Is tareeqe mein pehle mom ka namoona bana kar is par mitti chadhayi jati hai, phir mom pighla kar nikala jata hai aur khali jagah mein pighli dhaat dali jati hai. Mutalie ke mutabiq yeh is tareeqe se dhali gayi ab tak ki qadeem tareen maloom cheez hai. Is ka taamba bohat khalis tha, shayad qudrati taamba, jise 1085 darje centigrade se zyada par pighlaya gaya tha.

Europe ke barfani aadmi ki kulhari

Taambe ki ahmiyat ka andaza Otzi se bhi hota hai, woh insan jis ki laash 1991 mein Italy ke junoobi Tyrol ke ek glacier mein mili aur jo paanch hazar teen sau baras se zyada purani hai. Is ke paas pathar ke auzaar bhi the, magar sab se qeemati cheez taambe ki kulhari thi. Junoobi Tyrol ke asaar-e-qadeema ke ajaib ghar ke mutabiq is ka phal 99.7 feesad khalis taambe ka hai, ise sanche mein dhaal kar hathore se sakht kiya gaya tha, aur yeh taamba junoobi Tuscany ki kaanon se aya tha. Ajaib ghar ke mutabiq Kan Kani aur dhaat pighlane ka fan 4000 qabl maseeh tak Asia-e-kochak se wasti Europe pahunch chuka tha.

Aaj ka taamba

Royal Society of Chemistry ke mutabiq aaj zyada tar taamba bijli ke saman, yaani taaron aur motoron, mein istemal hota hai, kyunke yeh hararat aur bijli dono ko bohat achhi tarah guzarta hai aur is ke bareek taar kheenche ja sakte hain. Ghar ki wiring aur pankhe ki motor usi qadeem daryaft ki waris hain.

Makhaz

Royal Society of Chemistry, "Copper", Periodic Table (online). https://periodic-table.rsc.org/element/29/copper — Copper the first metal worked by people; name from Latin Cyprium aes; beads from northern Iraq more than ten thousand years old, presumably native copper; most copper today used in electrical wiring and motors because of its conductivity and ductility.
Benjamin W. Roberts, Christopher P. Thornton, Vincent C. Pigott, "Development of metallurgy in Eurasia", Antiquity 83: 1012–1022, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00099312 — Metallurgy began c. 11th/9th millennium BC in Southwest Asia for bodily adornment with colourful ores and native metals; smelting of lead and copper developed in the early 6th millennium BC; authors favour single invention spread by metalworkers.
Miljana Radivojevic, Benjamin W. Roberts, Miroslav Maric, Julka Kuzmanovic Cvetkovic, Thilo Rehren (eds), The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia: Evolution, Organisation and Consumption of Early Metal in the Balkans, Archaeopress, 2021 (open access). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10134145/7/Radivojevic_Ch11_The%20Rise%20of%20Metallurgy%20in%20Eurasia.pdf — Secure evidence for copper smelting at Belovode, Serbia, in the 49th century BC, c. 7,000 years ago; earliest record of fully developed metallurgy.
Science News, "Serbian site may have hosted first copper makers", 25 June 2010, via History News Network. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/128546 — Report on Radivojevic et al. 2010 (Journal of Archaeological Science 37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012): copper slag at Belovode; oldest securely dated copper making, 7,000 years ago; suggests separate invention in parts of Asia and Europe.
Omid Oudbashi, Seyed Mohammad Amin Emami, Parviz Davami, "Bronze in Archaeology: A Review of the Archaeometallurgy of Bronze in Ancient Iran", in Copper Alloys – Early Applications and Current Performance – Enhancing Processes, InTech, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5772/32687 — 5th millennium BCE transition on the Iranian Plateau from native copper to smelting arsenic-bearing ores.
M. Thoury et al., "High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object", Nature Communications 7: 13356, 2016. https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13356 — 6,000-year-old wheel-shaped copper amulet from Mehrgarh (MR2, Early Chalcolithic, 4,500–3,600 BC); six spokes on a 20 mm ring; lost-wax cast, earliest known; very pure, possibly native copper melted above 1,085 °C.
South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, "The Iceman" and "Equipment". https://www.iceman.it/en/the-iceman/ and https://www.iceman.it/en/equipment/ — Otzi found 1991, over 5,300 years old, Copper Age; axe blade 99.7% copper, cast and hammered, copper from southern Tuscany; mining and smelting spread from Asia Minor to Central Europe by 4000 BC.

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