Safha-e-Awwal› E-Magazine ›100 Bari Daryaftein aur Ijadat

Shamsi taqweem, jab Misr ne saal ko 365 dinon mein bandha

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Aaj subah aap ne jo akhbar uthaya, us ki peshani par likhi tareekh aik bahut purani soch ki den hai. Saal mein 365 din, barah mahine, aur har chaar baras baad aik izafi din. Us ki jaren taqriban paanch hazar saal pehle darya-e-Nile ke kinare milti hain, jahan qadeem Misriyon ne pehli baar saal ko aik muqarrara ginti mein bandha.

Nile, Mausam aur saal ki ginti

Qadeem Misr ki zindagi Nile ke Sailab par chalti thi. Har saal darya charhta, kheton par zarkhez mitti bichhata aur phir utar jata. Isi chakkar se Misriyon ne apne saal ke teen mausam banaye: Akhet (Sailab), Peret (fasal ugne ka mausam) aur Shemu (kataai aur garmi).

Hispani mahir-e-falakiyat Juan Antonio Belmonte (Juan Antonio Belmonte) ki tehqeeq ke mutabiq Misr ki sarkari ya "shehri" taqweem mein barah mahine the aur har mahina theek 30 din ka tha. Har mahine mein das das din ke teen hisse the. Yoon 360 din bante, aur saal ke aakhir mein paanch izafi din jor diye jate jinhein Misri "saal se upar ke paanch din" kehte the. Kul mila kar 365 din, aik seedha aur qabil-e-aitemad nizam.

Qadeem Yunani muarrikh Herodotus (Herodotus) ne Misr ka safar kiya tha. Us ne likha ke Misri pujariyon ke baqaul woh pehle log the jinhon ne saal ko barah hisson mein banta, aur har saal tees din ke barah mahinon ke baad paanch din jor kar mausamon se hisab milate the. Us ki nazar mein yeh Yunani tareeqe se behtar tha.

Yeh taqweem kab bani?

Is sawal ka koi aik jawab nahin. Aik zamane mein German muarrikh Eduard Meyer (Eduard Meyer) ne hisab laga kar 4241 qabl masih ko tareekh ki "pehli yaqeeni tareekh" qarar diya tha, magar baad ki tehqeeq ne yeh daawa radd kar diya. Chicago University ke mahir-e-misriyat Richard Parker (Richard A. Parker) ne 1950 mein apni mashhoor kitab mein daleel di ke shehri taqweem ghaliban 2937 aur 2821 qabl masih ke darmiyan kisi waqt shuru hui. Belmonte ise teesre hazara qabl masih ke pehle nisf mein rakhte hain, jab Misr aik hukumat ke tehat aa chuka tha aur sarkari kaam ke liye mushtarka calendar ki zaroorat thi.

Parker ne yeh bhi dikhaya ke Misr mein aik hi taqweem nahin thi. Mazhabi tehwaron ke liye chand par mabni taqweemen bhi chalti rahin, jabke sarkari kaam 365 din ke shehri saal par hota tha.

Sitara-e-Shira aur sarakta hua saal

Misri saal ka aaghaz Sailab ke mausam ke pehle din se hota tha, jise woh "saal ka khulna" kehte the. Kai qadeem musannifin ne is aaghaz ko aasman ke sab se roshan sitare Shira (Sirius) se joda, jo kuch hafte ghayab rehne ke baad garmiyon mein subah sawere mashriqi ufuq par dobara nazar aata tha aur taqriban isi zamane mein Nile charhne lagta tha. Mahireen mein is baat par ikhtilaf hai ke 365 din ki ginti asal mein Shira ke mushahide se nikli, sooraj ke mushahide se, chand ke hisab se ya Nile ke Sailabon ke ausat waqfe se. Belmonte ne yeh chaaron nazariye ginwaye hain.

Masla yeh tha ke asal shamsi saal 365 din se taqriban chauthai din lamba hai. Misri taqweem mein leap ka saal nahin tha, is liye har chaar baras mein calendar qudrati mausamon se aik din peechhe reh jata. Sadiyon mein kaghaz par likha "Sailab ka mausam" asal mausamon se hatta chala gaya. Belmonte ke mutabiq naye saal ke din ko tamam mausamon se guzar kar wapas apni jagah aane mein taqriban pandrah sadiyan lagti thin.

Islah ki koshishen: Canopus se Rome tak

238 qabl masih mein Ptolemy III (Ptolemy III) ke daur mein Misri pujariyon ki aik badi majlis ne, jis ka faisla "Farman-e-Canopus" ke naam se pathar par teen rasm-ul-khat mein kanda mila hai, tajweez di ke har chaar saal baad aik din barhaya jaye. Magar yeh islah us waqt chal na saki aur purana 365 din wala saal jari raha.

Phir Rome ki baari aayi. Roomi muarrikh Suetonius (Suetonius) likhta hai ke Julius Caesar (Julius Caesar) ne bigri hui Roomi taqweem ko durust kiya, saal ko 365 din ka kiya aur har chauthe saal aik din barhane ka qaida banaya. Mausamon ko sahi jagah lane ke liye islah wale saal ko pandrah mahinon ka karna para. Caesar Misr mein reh chuka tha aur wahan ke calendar se waqif tha. Nayi "Julian taqweem" yakum January 45 qabl masih se nafiz hui. Kuch arse baad shehenshah Augustus (Augustus) ke daur mein khud Misr ki taqweem mein bhi har chaar saal baad chhatha izafi din shamil kar diya gaya.

Julian saal 365.25 din ka tha, yani asal saal se chand minute lamba. Sadiyon mein jama hone wala yeh farq 1582 mein Pope Gregory XIII (Gregory XIII) ki islah ne door kiya, aur yahi "Gregorian" taqweem aaj duniya bhar mein raij hai.

Aaj ka calendar aur Nile ki meeras

Hamara Eisvi calendar barah-e-raast Misr se nahin aaya, magar us ki bunyadi soch wahin se chali: saal ko sooraj ke chakkar ke barabar rakho aur har saal aik hi qaide par chalo. Qadeem Misri taqweem ki seedhi waris, Misr ki Qibti taqweem, aaj bhi zinda hai: wahan ke Qibti girja ghar ise istemal karte hain aur dehat ke bohat se kisan, Musalman aur Maseehi donon, kheti bari ka hisab isi se rakhte hain.

Pakistan mein daftar, school, bank aur akhbar ki tareekh sab isi shamsi hisab par chalte hain. Jab kisan Mausam dekh kar buwai ki tareekh tay karta hai ya talib-e-ilm imtihan ke din ginta hai, to woh aik aise nizam par bharosa kar raha hota hai jis ki pehli eent Nile ke kinare un logon ne rakhi thi jo darya ke charhne aur sitaron ke lautne ka hisab rakhte the.

Makhaz

Juan Antonio Belmonte, "The Egyptian Civil Calendar: a Masterpiece to Organize the Cosmos", in Cosmology Across Cultures, ASP Conference Series vol. 409, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2009. https://www.aspbooks.org/publications/409/116.pdf — 12 months of 30 days, three seasons (Akhet, Peret, Shemu), 10-day decades, five epagomenal days, no leap year; origin in the first half of the 3rd millennium BC after unification; New Year wandered through the seasons in about 15 centuries; the four competing theories of origin; reform attempted but not carried through until Augustus.
Richard A. Parker, The Calendars of Ancient Egypt (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 26), University of Chicago Press / Oriental Institute, 1950. Publisher page: https://isac.uchicago.edu/publications/calendars-ancient-egypt ; PDF: https://isac-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/isac-publications/saoc26_0.pdf?VersionId=1ZVTAan9Lp7eIEn8hOHSzgeBYZr_33JF — three calendars (two lunar, one civil); civil calendar introduced between c. 2937 and c. 2821 BC; Meyer's 4241 BC date and why it fails.
Herodotus, The Histories, Book 2, chapter 4, trans. A. D. Godley, Perseus Digital Library (Tufts University). https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+2.4 — Egyptians the first to reckon the year in twelve parts; twelve months of thirty days plus five days.
Suetonius, The Life of Julius Caesar, chapter 40, trans. J. C. Rolfe (Loeb, 1913), LacusCurtius, University of Chicago. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html — Caesar's reform: 365 days, one day added every fourth year, a fifteen-month year of transition.
"Julian calendar", Wikipedia (pointer). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar — reform in force 1 January 45 BC; Caesar in Egypt from 48 BC; Gregorian reform of 1582.
"Decree of Canopus", Wikipedia (pointer). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_of_Canopus — trilingual decree of 238 BC under Ptolemy III proposing a leap day; reform failed until Augustus.
"Egyptian calendar", Wikipedia (pointer). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_calendar — association of the New Year with the rising of Sirius; the "wandering year"; Coptic calendar still in use in Egypt.
"Coptic calendar", Wikipedia (pointer). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_calendar — based on the ancient Egyptian calendar; used today by the Coptic churches and by Egypt's farming population, Muslim and Christian.

100 Bari Daryaftein aur Ijadat: tamam tehreerein →