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Safha-e-Awwal› E-Magazine ›Balochistan: Tareekh ka Safar
Baab 29 Hissa Chaharum: Bartanvi Daur

Muahidat ka daur: 1841, 1854, 1876

Pichhle baab mein hum ne 1839 mein Kalat ka suqoot aur Mir Mehrab Khan ki maut dekhi. Is ke baad Kalat aur British hukumat ke talluqat kaghaz par likhe gaye muahidon ke zariye tay hue. Un mein teen muahide sab…

Atemad E-Magazine · 10 minute ka mutalia
Muahidat ka daur: 1841, 1854, 1876
Alamati tasveer

Pichhle baab mein hum ne 1839 mein Kalat ka suqoot aur Mir Mehrab Khan ki maut dekhi. Is ke baad Kalat aur British hukumat ke talluqat kaghaz par likhe gaye muahidon ke zariye tay hue. Un mein teen muahide sab se aham hain: 1841, 1854 aur 1876 ke. Yeh muahide baad mein C. U. Aitchison (C. U. Aitchison) ke murattab kardah "Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads" ki Balochistan wali jild (jild yazdahum) mein chhape.

1841: Mir Nasir Khan doem aur Shah Shuja ki baladasti

1911 ke "Encyclopaedia Britannica" ke mutabiq Mir Mehrab Khan ke qatl ke baad un ke kam sin bete Mir Nasir Khan doem ko angrezon ne Kalat ka khan tasleem kar liya aur kuchh hi arse baad ilaqa khali kar diya. "Statesman’s Year Book" (1899) bhi yehi likhti hai ke Nasir Khan ko 1841 mein British hukumat ne tasleem kiya. Britannica ke baqaul us saal ka muahida Major James Outram (James Outram) aur Nasir Khan doem ke darmiyan tay paya.

1907 ke Sarawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq October 1841 mein Outram ne Nasir Khan ko Kalat ki masnad par bithaya, Sarawan aur kuchh Kachhi Gandava ke Azla unhein wapas kiye gaye, aur 6 October 1841 ko un se muahida hua. Sharait ki mazeed tafseel Pakistani tehqeeqi majallon mein hai. Qurtuba University ke majalle "The Dialogue" mein shaya ek mazmoon ke mutabiq khan ne Kalat ko Afghan badshah Shah Shuja ki baaj guzar riyasat maan liya, aur is ke badle Sarawan aur kuchh Gandava ke woh ilaqe lauta diye gaye jo 1839 mein Kalat se le kar Afghan saltanat ko diye gaye the. "Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review" ke ek mazmoon ke mutabiq is muahide ki ru se British ya Afghan fauj Kalat mein kahin bhi rakhi ja sakti thi, aur isi mazmoon mein Shal (Quetta) ko bhi wapas milne wale Azla mein gina gaya hai. Kaun se ilaqe lautaye gaye, is par makhaz ek zaban nahin. "The Dialogue" ke mazmoon ke mutabiq 1842 mein Shah Shuja ki maut aur Afghan muhim ki nakami ke baad yeh bandobast amalan khatam ho gaya.

1854: John Jacob aur "daimi dosti" ka muahida

Agle muahide ki tareekh aur jagah khud muahide ke matn se tay hoti hai. Aitchison ke majmoo’e (jild yazdahum) mein darj matn ke mutabiq is par Major John Jacob (John Jacob) aur Mir Nasir Khan ne 14 May 1854 ko Mastung mein dastkhat kiye aur muharein lagayin. Qatar Digital Library mein mahfooz British record aur Hunter ka Gazetteer (1885) bhi yehi tareekh dete hain. British Library ki fehrist mein ise "daimi dosti ka muahida" kaha gaya hai jo Jacob ne April 1854 mein khan se tay kiya; yeh ghaliban muzakrat ka mahina hai. Jacob is waqt Sindh ki sarhad par British numainda the.

Sharait ke bare mein Britannica (1911) ka khulasa yeh hai ke 1841 ka muahida mansookh kiya gaya; Nasir Khan doem aur un ke waristhon ne wada kiya ke woh British hukumat ke har dushman ki mukhalifat karenge aur is ki razamandi ke baghair kisi doosri riyasat se baat cheet nahin karenge. Is ke badle khan ko pachas hazar rupay salana imdad milni thi. Sarawan Gazetteer (1907) aur Hunter ke Gazetteer ke mutabiq yeh imdad is shart se mashroot thi ke khan rahdari mahsool ko ek yaksan sharah par laayenge, British ilaqe mein ya is ke qareeb ziyadtiyon ko rokenge, aur tajiron ki hifazat karenge aur tijarat par koi najayaz wasooli nahin hone denge. Sarawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq khan ne yeh bhi mana ke British fauj un ke ilaqe mein un maqamat par reh sakegi jinhein British hukkam munasib samjhein. Aitchison mein Kalat ka tareekhi bayan bhi fauj wali shaq aur pachas hazar ki imdad ki sharait ki tasdeeq karta hai.

Mir Khudadad Khan ke ibtidai baras

Sarawan Gazetteer (1907) ke mutabiq Nasir Khan doem ka 1857 mein intiqal hua ya unhein zehar diya gaya; 1908 ka Imperial Gazetteer bhi 1857 deta hai, jabke 1911 ka Britannica 1856 likhta hai. Sarawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq un ke sautele bhai Khudadad Khan, jo us waqt solah baras ke the, sardaron ke intikhab se khan bane, magar jald hi un se un ka jhagra shuru ho gaya.

1863 mein sardaron ki baghawat ke nateeje mein Khudadad Khan ko Kalat chhodna para aur sardaron ne un ke chacha zad Sher Dil Khan ko khan bana diya. 1908 ke Imperial Gazetteer ke mutabiq Sher Dil Khan ka daur March 1863 se May 1864 tak raha; phir woh qatl hue aur Khudadad Khan dobara khan bane. "Balochistan Times" ke mutabiq is ke baad bhi sardaron se kashmakash jari rahi, aur isi pas manzar mein Robert Sandeman (Robert Sandeman) Kalat pahunche.

1876: Mastung ka tasfia aur Jacobabad ka muahida

Makhaz ke mutabiq Sandeman ka pehla mission (1875) poori tarah kamyab nahin hua. Is ke baad Mastung mein ek darbar hua jis mein khan aur un ke mukhalif sardar shareek hue aur Sandeman salis bane. Qatar Digital Library ki ek British dastawez ise "Mastung Convention" kehti hai aur yeh bhi likhti hai ke baaz qabail ke sardar Sandeman ke sath Kalat to gaye magar is convention ke fareeq nahin the. Aksar makhaz is tasfiye ko 1876 ka batate hain, aur Thornton ki Sandeman ki sawaneh (1895) mein 13 July ki tareekh 1876 ke waqiat mein aati hai. 1908 ke Imperial Gazetteer (p 17) mein is ki tareekh "13 July 1875" chhapi hai, magar khud Gazetteer ka bayan ise 1875 ke pehle mission ke "chand mah baad" rakhta hai, is liye yeh Gazetteer ka sehw maloom hota hai.

Asal muahida 8 December 1876 ko Jacobabad mein khan aur Viceroy Lord Lytton (Lord Lytton) ke darmiyan hua. "The Dialogue" ke mazmoon aur deegar sanvi makhaz is ki sharait yun bayan karte hain: 1854 ke muahide ki tajdeed hui; khan ki darkhast par British fauj aisi jagahon par rakhi ja sakti thi jo British hukumat munasib samjhe; Kalat mein railway aur taar ki lainein bichhane par ittefaq hua; khan ke darbar mein ek British agent rahega; aur khan aur sardaron ke jhagron mein pehle agent sulah karayega aur nakami ki soorat mein muamla British salisi mein jayega. Salana imdad barha kar aik lakh rupay kar di gayi.

1911 ke Britannica ke mutabiq 1876 ke muahide mein imdad aik lakh rupay ki gayi aur sardaron ko bhi tasleem kiya gaya; Global Security ke bayan ke mutabiq is muahide ne 1854 ki sharait to dohrayin magar adam mudakhalat ki policy "yaksar badal di", kyunke is mein khan ke sath sardaron ko bhi tasleem kiya gaya aur British hukumat un ke darmiyan salis ban gayi.

Agle itwar: Robert Sandeman aur "Sandeman nizam": 1876 ke muahide ke baad qabaili Balochistan ka intizam kaise chalaya gaya.

Makhaz

  1. C. U. Aitchison (comp.), A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, vol. XI (Baluchistan), revised ed., Government of India, Delhi, 1933 (texts of the 1841, 1854 and 1876 treaties; 1854 treaty "signed and sealed by Major John Jacob … and Meer Nusseer Khan … at Mustoong on the 14th May A.D. 1854"; Kalat narrative confirming the troops clause and the Rs 50,000 subsidy conditions). Scan: https://archive.org/details/acollectionoftreatiesengagementsandsanadsaitchisonc.u.vol11_83_O · Catalogue: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001755518
  2. "Baluchistan", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edition, 1911, vol. 3, p. 313 (Nasir Khan II recognised in 1841; 1841 treaty by Major Outram; 1854 terms: 1841 treaty annulled, opposition to Britain's enemies, no negotiations without consent, Rs 50,000 subsidy). https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:EB1911_-_Volume_03.djvu/313
  3. The Statesman's Year-Book 1899 (American edition), Macmillan, 1899, p. 511 (Nasir Khan II acknowledged by the British Government in 1841). https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Statesman's_Year-Book_1899_American_Edition.djvu/511
  4. Brian Spooner, "Baluchistan i. Geography, History and Ethnography", Encyclopaedia Iranica (1854 Rs 50,000 subsidy; Mastung settlement terms; Rs 100,000 in 1876; Iranica places the 1854 treaty at Khangarh, which the treaty text contradicts and the body does not use). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-i/
  5. "The British Occupation of Kalat: A Critical Appraisal of the Establishment of British Rule in Baluchistan", The Dialogue (Qurtuba University of Science and IT, Peshawar) (author and year to be confirmed) (1841 vassalage to Shah Shuja; return of Sarawan and Kach Gandava; revocation after 1842; 1854 annulled 1841; 1876 terms: troops, railway/telegraph, agent, arbitration, subsidy raised). https://journals.qurtuba.edu.pk/ojs/index.php/thedialogue/article/view/86126 · PDF: https://journals.qurtuba.edu.pk/ojs/index.php/thedialogue/article/download/86126/469/7682
  6. "A Historical Approach towards Baloch-British Contact", Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review (author and year to be confirmed) (1841: British or Afghan troops could be stationed in Kalat; Shal among the restored districts). https://ojs.plhr.org.pk/journal/article/download/292/211/416
  7. Javed Haider Syed, "The British Advent in Balochistan", Pakistan Journal of History and Culture (NIHCR, Islamabad) XXVIII/2 (July–December 2007) (background to the 1841 and 1876 treaties; Jacobabad, 8 December 1876). https://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/The_British_Advent.pdf
  8. Qatar Digital Library, India Office Records, treaty collection record (1854 treaty dated 14 May 1854). https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100023462215.0x0000ab
  9. Qatar Digital Library, "Papers Relating to John Jacob's Career in Sinde, to the Anglo-Persian War (1856–57), and Events in Kelat", f. 354v (Jacob deputed to conclude the treaty with Nasir Khan II). https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100100861306.0x000073
  10. British Library, Search Archives, catalogue record 040-002311305 (treaty of perpetual friendship negotiated with the Khan by Jacob, April 1854). https://searcharchives.bl.uk/catalog/040-002311305
  11. GlobalSecurity.org, "Baluchistan Under the British" (1876 renewal "completely reversed" the policy of non-intervention; used only for that phrase, see points_to_verify). https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/baloch-brits.htm
  12. Qatar Digital Library, India Office Records file (the "Mastung Convention"; sardars who went with Sandeman to Kalat but were not parties to it). https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100080241541.0x00001e
  13. "Khodadad Khan and Sandeman: 'A second kernel in one almond'", Balochistan Times (1863 revolt and Sherdil Khan; continuing conflict with the sardars; Sandeman's missions). https://balochistantimes.com/khodada-khan-and-sandeman-a-second-kernel-in-one-almond/
  14. Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI: Sarawan, Times Press, Bombay, 1907, History, pp. 34–35 (Nasir Khan II installed by Outram in October 1841; "Sarawan and Kach Gandava … were restored to Nasir Khan"; treaty of 6 October 1841; 1854 terms: troops "to occupy such positions in his territory as might be thought advisable", Rs 50,000 subsidy on condition of uniform transit dues, preventing outrages and protecting merchants; Nasir Khan "died or was poisoned in 1857"; Khudadad Khan, half-brother, "a lad of sixteen", selected by the chiefs). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668
  15. Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan, Calcutta, 1908 (Nasir Khan II's death in 1857; Sherdil Khan's rule "March, 1863, to May, 1864"; p. 17, the Mastung settlement printed as "July 13, 1875"). https://archive.org/details/ImperialGazetteerOfIndiaBaluchistan · W. W. Hunter, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 2nd ed., vol. II, 1885, p. 41 (1854 treaty "executed on the 14th of May 1854"; subsidy conditions). · T. H. Thornton, Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman: His Life and Work on our Indian Frontier, John Murray, London, 1895 (the Mastung settlement of 13 July in the 1876 narrative). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209278
  16. Wikipedia, "Treaty of Kalat" and "Baluchistan Agency" (pointers only: 8 December 1876 at Jacobabad with Lord Lytton; Mastung 1876; Agency 1877). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalat · https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluchistan_Agency

Balochistan: Tareekh ka Safar: tamam tehreerein →

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