Gwadar ki wapsi (8 September 1958)

Makuran ke sahil ka ek tukra, Gwadar ki bandargah aur is ke aas paas ka ilaqa, aisa tha jahan pone do sau baras se Muscat ke sultan ka wali baithta tha. Yeh baab batata hai ke yeh shehar Oman ke…

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 10 minute ka mutalia

Gwadar ki wapsi (8 September 1958) — Alamati tasveer

Makuran ke sahil ka ek tukra, Gwadar ki bandargah aur is ke aas paas ka ilaqa, aisa tha jahan pone do sau baras se Muscat ke sultan ka wali baithta tha. Yeh baab batata hai ke yeh shehar Oman ke paas kaise gaya aur 1958 mein kaise wapas aaya.

Ek jalawatan shehzada aur Mahigeeron ki basti

British hukumat-e-Hind ke afsar J. G. Lorimer (J. G. Lorimer) ke "Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf" ke mutabiq 1784 mein Muscat ke hukmaran khandan Al-e-Busaid ka ek shehzada, Syed Sultan bin Ahmed, takht ki khandani kashmakash haar kar Makuran aaya. Woh Kalat mein Mir Nasir Khan awwal ke paas pahuncha. Lorimer likhte hain ke Khan ne Oman ka takht dilane mein madad ke bajaye Gwadar ki bandargah, jo us waqt "ek maamooli Mahigeer basti" thi, is jalawatan ke hawale kar di.

Tareekh par makhaz muttafiq nahin. Lorimer 1784 likhte hain; 1906 ka Makuran Gazetteer sirf yeh batata hai ke Syed Saeed 1783 mein Muscat ki masnad par baithe aur un ka apne bhai Syed Sultan se jhagra hua; Feroz Khan Noon apni yaadashton mein 1781 likhte hain; aur Dawn mein Vice Admiral (r) Iftikhar Ahmed Rao ki kitab par tabsire ke mutabiq yeh kitab 1783 batati hai. Is liye hum itna hi kehte hain ke yeh waqia 1780 ki dahai ka hai.

Atiya tha ya amanat?

Asal jhagra is sawal par raha ke Nasir Khan ne diya kya tha. Makuran Gazetteer ke mutabiq Khan ne Kalat ke hisse ki amdani Syed Sultan ko guzare ke liye di thi, kyunke Gwadar ki amdani us waqt aadhi Kalat aur aadhi Gichki sardaron ki thi. Gazetteer ek maqami diary ka iqtibas deta hai jis ke mutabiq Nasir Khan ne Gwadar "ariyatan amanatan" diya aur kaha ke Muscat wapas milte hi Gwadar lauta dena, magar "woh aaj tak wapas nahin diya gaya". Noon bhi yahi baat kehte hain: Khan ne amdani "guzare ke taur par" di thi, jo salana taqriban chaurasi "tanka" thi.

Omani moaqqif Lorimer ne yun bayan kiya hai ke is intezam ka maqsad ek aise shehzade ki madad se Makuran ke sahil ki bahri hifazat tha jis ka Oman ka hukmaran banna Nasir Khan ko yaqeeni nazar aata tha. Lorimer ka apna faisla yeh hai ke Muscat ka dawa "amalan ek sadi ke qabze" par khara hai, is liye is ka haq-e-malkiyat "mashkook" kaha ja sakta hai, agarche yeh khami un ke baqaul "technical hai, asal nahin".

Lorimer ke mutabiq Syed Sultan 1792 mein Muscat ke hukmaran bane; Makuran Gazetteer yeh saal 1797 likhta hai. Donon is par muttafiq hain ke hukmaran banne ke baad bhi Gwadar wapas nahin hua.

Kalat ki koshishein

Lorimer ke mutabiq 1857 mein Mir Nasir Khan doem ne Shah Ghasi Wali Muhammad ki kamaan mein Kech ki taraf ek muhim bheji jis ka ek maqsad Gwadar wapas lena tha. Yeh hamla Arab wali ne ghaliban kharid liya: us ne Kalat ko ghulam aur ek talwar tohfe mein bheje. Makuran Gazetteer ke mutabiq taqriban 1860 mein Kech ke naib Mir Faqir Muhammad ne do hazar aadmiyon ke sath Gwadar ka muhasira kiya aur kuch raqam le kar wapas hua.

Angrez darmiyan mein

Karachi se Gwadar tak taar ki line bichhne lagi to Gwadar Angrezon ki nazar mein aaya. Lorimer ke mutabiq 1861 mein Khan-e-Kalat ne tajweez di ke Angrez Gwadar sultan se kharid kar unhein de den. Hukumat-e-Hind ne yeh tajweez "qadeem qabze" ki bunyad par radd kar di, aur April 1863 mein Bombay hukumat ne Commissioner Sindh ko likha ke Gwadar par Khan ka dawa utna hi kamzor hai jitna Karachi par.

Isi mahine, April 1863 mein, Lieutenant E. C. Ross (E. C. Ross) Assistant Political Agent ban kar Gwadar pahunche. Makuran Gazetteer ke mutabiq 1863 se 1879 tak Gwadar ek Assistant Political Agent ka sadr maqam raha. Baad mein 1885 aur 1900 se 1902 ke beech bhi kharidari ki tajweezein aayin aur radd huin. Lorimer likhte hain ke 1891 mein sultan ek muahide par dastakhat kar chuke the jo un ke ilaqa dene ke ikhtiyar ko mahdood karta tha. Yani Gwadar ka koi sauda Angrezon ke baghair mumkin na tha. 1903 mein Khan-e-Kalat ne phir madad mangi, magar 1904 mein hukumat-e-Hind ne koi qadam na uthane ka faisla kiya.

Beesvin sadi ke shuru ka Gwadar kaisa tha? Makuran Gazetteer aur Lorimer ke mutabiq 1903 mein Omani ilaqe ka raqba taqriban 307 square mile tha, jis ki sarhadein samandar ke siwa har taraf mutanaza thin; Noon 1958 mein wapas aane wale ilaqe ko do hazar chaar sau square mile likhte hain. Kul abadi taqriban 5,150 thi, jin mein se 4,350 Gwadar qasbe mein rehte the, zyada tar Meed Mahigeer. Nazm o nasq sultan ka Arab wali 20 piyadon ki madad se chalata tha.

Pakistan ka mutalba

1947 mein Pakistan bana to Gwadar abhi Oman ke paas tha. Feroz Khan Noon "From Memory" mein likhte hain ke 1949 mein kuch "ghair faislakun" baat cheet hui, phir muamla thanda par gaya, yahan tak ke 1956 mein woh wazir-e-kharija bane. Unhon ne files mangwayin aur British hukumat ke zariye muzakirat shuru kiye. Un ke baqaul yeh baat cheet jari thi jab woh 1957 mein wazir-e-azam bane.

Noon ke mutabiq dastakhat shuda "intiqal nama" 1958 ki garmiyon mein London mein Pakistan ke High Commissioner Ikramullah ne un ke hawale kiya. Dawn mein Rao ki kitab par tabsire ke mutabiq sultan Pakistan se barah-e-raast baat karne par tayyar nahin the, is liye Britain ko salis banna pada.

8 September aur 8 December

Gwadar Development Authority ki sarkari website ke mutabiq 8 September 1958 ko Pakistan ne Gwadar ka ilaqa Oman se kharida, aur 8 December 1958 ko yeh baqaida Pakistan ka hissa bana. Pakistan Navy ke Captain (r) Ahmed Zaheer ne 2020 mein Daily Times mein likha ke 8 September ko wazir-e-azam ke principal secretary Agha Abdul Hamid jahaz "Sirdhana" par Navy ke ek muwasalati daste ke sath Gwadar pahunche. Un ke mutabiq 8 December ko "Operation Bravo" ke tehat taqreeb hui: Gwadar ke wali ne sultan ki taraf se ilaqe ke kagzat Pakistan ke numainde ko diye, Pakistan ka parcham lehraya gaya aur khaleej mein khade PNS Babur ne ikkis topon ki salami di.

Noon likhte hain ke is waqie par "taqriban koi jashn ya tashheer" nahin hui, kyunke unhon ne Angrezon aur sadr Iskander Mirza se wada kiya tha ke sultan ke jazbat ka khayal rakha jayega.

Qeemat kitni thi, aur kis ne di?

Makhaz yahan mukhtalif hain. Noon khud koi raqam nahin likhte; un ke baqaul muawza "zahir hai" dena pada, aur ek hashiye mein woh kehte hain ke yeh raqam Gwadar ke mukhtalif mahsulat ki chand baras ki amdani ke barabar thi. Dawn ke 2008 ke ek mazmoon ke mutabiq Pakistan ne September 1958 mein tees lakh pound diye, "baaz ke baqaul is ka nisf". Dawn mein Adnan Aamir ke 2022 ke tabsire ke mutabiq Rao ki kitab mein shamil chaudah nukati muahida kehta hai ke Pakistan ne tees lakh pound "amdani ke nuqsan" ke iwaz diye aur yeh bhi mana ke Gwadar mein kabhi tel nikla to pachchis baras tak munafe ka das fisad Oman ko jayega. Ahmed Zaheer raqam tees lakh American dollar likhte hain aur yeh bhi ke raqam Aga Khan soem ne ada ki. Yeh aakhri dawa kisi dastavez se hamari nazar se nahin guzra, aur Noon, jo is saude ke markazi kirdar the, kisi adaigi karne wale ka zikr nahin karte.

Is ke baad

Gwadar Port Authority ke mutabiq is ke baad Gwadar Makuran zila ka hissa raha, aur July 1977 mein ise alag zila banaya gaya jis ka sadr maqam Gwadar qasba tha. Gwadar Development Authority yeh tareekh 1 July 1977 likhti hai.

Makhaz

J. G. Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, 'Oman and Central Arabia, vol. I (Historical), part I, Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta, 1915: pp. 418–419 (Saiyid Sultan's flight to Gwadar in 1784 and the grant from the Khan of Kalat); Annexure No. 2, "History of Gwadar and Chahbar", pp. 601–603 (the grant, "an insignificant fishing village", the Kalat and Omani arguments, "doubtful validity"; Saiyid Sultan in power at Muscat in 1792), pp. 603–605 (1857 expedition; 1861 Kalat proposal and the Bombay Government's reply of April 1863), pp. 606–607 (Lt E. C. Ross at Gwadar, April 1863), pp. 619–620 (proposals of 1885, 1891, 1900–02, 1903–04; the Sultan's 1891 agreement). OCR text: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206962
J. G. Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, 'Oman and Central Arabia, vol. II (Geographical and Statistical), Calcutta, 1908, "Gwadar District" and "Gwadar Town", pp. 585–590 (area about 307 square miles; 1903 population; Wali and 20 footmen). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206964
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VII: Makran, Bombay, 1906 (compiled under R. Hughes-Buller): History chapter, about pp. 54–55 (Nasir Khan gives his moiety of Gwadar's revenue to a refugee brother of the Sultan of Muscat); "Gwadar", pp. 280–288 (area and disputed boundaries; Saiad Said's accession in 1783; Saiad Sultan in Muscat in 1797; the Mirwari diary, "ariyat amanati"; revenue shares; the siege of about 1860; Assistant Political Agent 1863–79; 1903 population, administration and revenue). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279674
Malik Firoz Khan Noon, From Memory, Ferozsons, Lahore (1966; archive.org scan of the 1993 reprint), pp. 298–301 (section "Gwadar": 2,400 square miles; the 1781 grant and 84 "tunkas"; 1861 claim; 1949 talks; negotiations through the British from 1956; the jagir argument; Macmillan's government; transfer deed in summer 1958; no celebrations; compensation footnote). https://archive.org/details/from-memory-firoz-khan-noon-1993-cs
Gwadar Development Authority, "History of Gwadar" (official website; purchase on 8 September 1958, formal incorporation on 8 December 1958; Gwadar district from 1 July 1977). https://gda.gov.pk/history-of-gwadar (the same text appears on the Balochistan High Court's Gwadar district page: https://bhc.gov.pk/district-judiciary/gawadar/introduction/history)
Gwadar Port Authority, "About Gwadar" (official website; Gwadar notified as a district in July 1977, previously part of Makran District). https://gwadarport.gov.pk/gwadar.aspx
Capt (R) Ahmed Zaheer PN, "Transfer of Gwadar to Pakistan: first naval footprint", Daily Times, 8 December 2020 (Agha Abdul Hamid on SS Sirdhana on 8 September 1958; Operation Bravo, 8 December 1958; PNS Babur; US$3 million and the Aga Khan III claim). https://dailytimes.com.pk/699248/transfer-of-gwadar-to-pakistan-first-naval-footprint-2/
"Gwadar port: 'history-making milestones'", Dawn, 14 April 2008 (3 million in September 1958, "some say half that sum"). https://www.dawn.com/news/297994
Adnan Aamir, "Non-fiction: Deconstructing Gwadar" (review of Vice Adm. (R) Iftikhar Ahmed Rao, Gwatar Bay to Sir Creek: The Golden Coast of Pakistan — History and Memoirs, IPS Press, Islamabad), Dawn, Books & Authors, 11 December 2022 (1783; the Sultan's refusal to negotiate directly; British intermediary; 14-point agreement; three million pounds for loss of revenue; 10 percent of oil profits for 25 years). https://www.dawn.com/news/1725784/non-fiction-deconstructing-gwadar
Background only, not opened (blocked in this session): UK National Archives, FO 371/132792, "Negotiations between Pakistan and Muscat on oil rights at Gwadur" (1958), catalogue at https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/371/132792 ; UK Parliament treaty record, Exchange of Letters of 26 July 1958 terminating the 1891 agreement, https://api.parliament.uk/uk-treaties/treaties/6739 ; Rao's book itself (print).

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