British Balochistan Suba (1887)

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 10 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab mein hum ne dekha ke kis tarah Shaal ka chhota sa qasba chand barson mein ek badi fauji chhaoni ban gaya. Chhaoni ke sath ek intizami sawal bhi khara hua: jo ilaqe angrezon ke hath aaye the, un ki qanooni haisiyat kya ho? Kuch Afghanistan se liye gaye the, kuch Khan-e-Kalat se patte par, aur kuch qabail ne khud hawale kiye the. Is baab mein hum dekhenge ke 1 November 1887 ke ek sarkari hukm se "British Balochistan" naam ka suba kaise bana, aur yeh naam dar asal poore Balochistan ke ek chhote se hisse ka tha.

Gandamak ka muahida: Pishin aur Sibi

Doosri Afghan jang ke pehle marhale ke ikhtitam par 26 May 1879 ko Amir Yaqub Khan ne Gandamak ke muahide par dastkhat kiye. Quetta Pishin Gazetteer (1907) ke mutabiq is muahide ki chhathi shaq mein Sibi, Pishin aur Kurram ke azla British hukumat ko diye gaye. Imperial Gazetteer ki Balochistan jild (1908) ke mutabiq Pishin, Sibi, Harnai aur Thal Chotiali is shart par diye gaye ke intizami akhrajat ke baad bachne wali amdani Amir ko milegi.

Yeh muahida zyada din na chala. Isi saal Kabul mein British Resident aur us ke muhafiz qatl hue aur Yaqub Khan mazool ho gaye. Jang khatam hone ke baad Gazetteer ke baqaul yeh ilaqe Robert Sandeman ke "purzor israr" par apne paas rakhne ka faisla hua. Pishin ko mustaqil taur par rakhne ke akhri ahkamat 1882 ke aakhir mein jari hue. Aitchison ke muahidat ke majmue ki gyarhwin jild ke mutabiq naye Amir Abdur Rahman Khan ko bata diya gaya ke yeh azla ab Afghanistan ka hissa nahin rahe.

Quetta aur Bolan ka patta (1883)

Quetta Gandamak ke muahide mein shamil nahin tha; yeh Khan-e-Kalat ki niabat thi. Quetta Pishin Gazetteer ke mutabiq 1879 mein hukumat-e-Hind ne paanch saal ke liye is ka intizam sambhala aur akhrajat ke baad bachne wali raqam Khan ko di jati rahi. Phir 8 June 1883 ko Mir Khudadad Khan aur Sandeman ke darmiyan ek naya muahida hua, jo Aitchison ke majmue mein chaudhwan muahida hai. Is ke tahat 1 April 1883 se "Quetta zila aur niabat" ka poora intizam, diwani o foujdari ikhtiyarat samet, British hukumat ko 25 hazar rupay salana kiraye par mil gaya.

Isi muahide mein Khan ne darra-e-Bolan se guzarne wali tijarat par mahsool lene ka haq bhi 30 hazar rupay salana ke iwaz chhor diya, aur darre ki hudood mein adalati aur intizami ikhtiyar angrezon ko saunp diya. Muahide ki tamheed mein is ki wajah Harnai ke naye raste se Khan ko hone wala nuqsan batayi gayi hai.

1 November 1887: Subay ka elan

Imperial Gazetteer ke mutabiq 1887 mein teen kaam ek sath hue. Agent to the Governor General (AGG) ka darja doosre darje ke Resident se barha kar pehle darje ka kar diya gaya. Gandamak ke tahat mile hue ilaqe British sarzameen qarar paye. Aur AGG ko in ilaqon ka Chief Commissioner bhi muqarrar kar diya gaya.

Balochistan Agency ki 1887-88 ki intizami report is hukm ka number aur tarikh deti hai: hukumat-e-Hind ki qarardad number 2219-E, morkha 1 November 1887. Report ke mutabiq Pishin aur Thal Chotiali agencies ke yeh ilaqe "British Balochistan" ke naam se ek Chief Commissionery bane: Pishin, Shorawak, Kach, Quas, Harnai, Sibi aur Thal Chotiali. Isi report mein darj hai ke Quetta aur Bolan ki haisiyat mein koi tabdeeli nahin ki gayi; woh patte ke ilaqe hi rahe. 8 December 1887 ko 1874 ka Scheduled Districts Act naye suba par lagu kiya gaya.

Sibi Gazetteer (1907) ke mutabiq is elan ke baad in ilaqon mein Political Agent ka ohda Deputy Commissioner kehlane laga. Sandeman ke sawaneh nigar T. H. Thornton (T. H. Thornton) ne 1895 mein likha ke suba bante waqt do azla the: Quetta Pishin aur Thal Chotiali. Thornton ne naye naam "British Balochistan" ko "kuch namunasib" bhi kaha. Subay ke apne qawaneen, yani diwani aur foujdari insaf ke zawabit aur jangalat ka qanoon, 1890 mein bane.

Ek suba, teen qism ki zameen

1887 ke baad "Balochistan" kehlane wala ilaqa qanooni taur par teen hisson mein bata raha. Imperial Gazetteer ke pehle hi safhe par yeh taqseem is tarah darj hai:

British Balochistan: 9,476 murabba meel, yani woh ilaqe jo 1879 ke muahide se mile. 1908 mein is mein Shahrig, Sibi, Duki, Pishin ma Shorawak ki tehsilen aur Chaman sub division shamil thin.
Agency ilaqe: 44,345 murabba meel, yani patte par liye gaye ya waqtan fawaqtan British afsaron ke matahat aaye hue ilaqe. Gazetteer khud ise "lachakdar istilah" kehta hai. In mein barah-e-raast intizam wala hissa 37,216 murabba meel tha, jis mein Quetta, Bolan, Nushki aur Nasirabad ke patte, railway ki zameenen, Chagai, aur Zhob o Loralai shamil the.
Riyasaten: Kalat aur Lasbela, kul 78,034 murabba meel.

Gazetteer ke mutabiq British Balochistan aur barah-e-raast intizam wale agency ilaqe mil kar 46,692 murabba meel bante the, jo Sindh ke raqbe ke lag bhag tha. In mein chhe azla the: Quetta Pishin, Sibi, Loralai, Zhob, Chagai aur Bolan. 1901 ki mardum shumari ke mutabiq in ki abadi 3 lakh 49 hazar 187 thi, aur zila war naqsha yoon tha:

Zhob: 9,626 murabba meel, abadi 69,718
Loralai: 7,999 murabba meel, abadi 67,864
Quetta Pishin: 5,127 murabba meel, abadi 1,14,087
Chagai (maghribi Sanjrani samet): 18,892 murabba meel, abadi 21,689
Bolan: 896 murabba meel, abadi 1,936
Sibi: 4,152 murabba meel, abadi 73,893

Poore suba mein 1901 ki mardum shumari 8 lakh 10 hazar 746 afrad gin saki. Makran, Kharan aur maghribi Sanjrani ginti se bahar rahe, is liye Gazetteer ne kul abadi ka andaza taqriban sawa nau lakh lagaya.

Riyasaton ke bare mein ek wazahat zaroori hai. 1908 ka Gazetteer sirf do riyasaten ginta hai, Kalat aur Lasbela, aur Kharan ko Kalat ke tahat likh kar ise "neem azad" kehta hai. Aitchison ki jild mein 1909 ki ek dastawez ise "riyasat-e-Kharan" kehti hai, aur 1885 se is ke sardar ke sath alag muahide bhi darj hain. Yani Kharan ki alag haisiyat aahista aahista bani.

1911 ki mardum shumari ke superintendent Denys Bray (Denys Bray) ne likha ke rozmarra kaam ke lihaz se British Balochistan aur agency ilaqon ka farq "be farq ka farq" hai. Un ke baqaul yeh farq bas us mazi ki yaad dilata hai ke ek hissa Gandamak ke muahide se mila aur doosra patte ya qabail ki darkhwast se.

Ek afsar, do ohde

Is nizam ki choti par ek hi shakhs tha: Agent to the Governor General aur Chief Commissioner. Aitchison ke mutabiq 21 February 1877 ko Major Sandeman AGG muqarrar hue aur sadar muqam Quetta thehra. Gazetteer 1908 tak ke mustaqil AGG yoon ginta hai: Sandeman (1877), General Sir James Browne (1892), Hugh Barnes (1896) aur Colonel C. E. Yate (1900).

British Balochistan mein yeh afsar Chief Commissioner ke taur par aam subai hakim tha. Baqi ilaqon mein woh siyasi agent tha, Frontier Crimes Regulation ke tahat adalati ikhtiyar rakhta tha, aur police aur levies ka Inspector General bhi tha. Zila satah par yehi dohra pan dohraya gaya: Political Agent apne zila ke British hisse ke liye Deputy Commissioner bhi tha.

Patton ka silsila: Nushki aur Nasirabad

Suba banne ke baad bhi Kalat se zameen patte par lene ka silsila jari raha. 1 July 1899 ko Khan Mir Mahmood Khan ne Nushki ka zila aur niabat "hamesha ke liye" 9 hazar rupay salana par hukumat ke hawale kiye. 17 February 1903 ko Nasirabad ki niabat, jo Sindh ki nahron se sirab hoti thi, isi tarah hamesha ke liye 1 April 1903 se de di gayi. Is ka kiraya ek lakh 15 hazar rupay salana tha, aur Manjhoti ki zameen ke dhai hazar mila kar kul ek lakh sarhe 17 hazar rupay banta tha. Aitchison ke mutabiq Nushki Chagai agency mein aur Nasirabad Sibi zila mein shamil kiya gaya. Sibi Gazetteer ke mutabiq October 1903 mein azla ki nayi tashkeel hui to Nasirabad Sibi ki ek sub division bana.

Is tarah 1903 tak woh naqsha mukammal ho gaya jo 1947 tak barhi had tak qaim raha: ek chhota sa "British" suba, is ke gird patte aur qabaili ilaqe, aur in sab ke sath Kalat ki riyasat.

Agle itwar: Pahadon mein rail: Bolan, Harnai aur Khojak surang

Makhaz

Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan, comp. R. Hughes-Buller, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, 1908. Pages used: p. 1 (three divisions and their areas), pp. 20–21 (Gandamak; retention; the 1887 changes; Nushki 1899 and Nasirabad 1903), pp. 22–23 (Census 1901 totals), pp. 58–61 (AGG and Chief Commissioner, list of AGGs, British Baluchistan and Agency Territories, Native States, Kharan), p. 63 (1890 laws), p. 87 (Table I, district areas and population). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146799
Administration Report of the Baluchistan Agency for 1887-88, Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department No. CCLXVIII, Calcutta, 1890. Pages used: p. 10 (Resolution No. 2219-E of 1 November 1887; list of tracts), p. 24 (Quetta and the Bolan unchanged), p. 28 (Scheduled Districts Act extended 8 December 1887). https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.109821
C. U. Aitchison, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads relating to India and Neighbouring Countries, vol. XI (Baluchistan section), Government of India, 1933 edition. Pages used: pp. 323–324 (divisions of the Agency), p. 330 (Sandeman appointed AGG on 21 February 1877; the 1883, 1899 and 1903 agreements), p. 341 (Kharan), p. 347 (British Baluchistan "incorporated with British India in 1887"; Gandamak; Abdur Rahman informed), pp. 365–366 (Agreement No. XIV, 8 June 1883: Quetta and the Bolan), about pp. 377–380 (Nos. XXVI, Nushki, 1 July 1899, and XXVIII, Nasirabad, 17 February 1903), pp. 388–389 (Kharan, 1909). Page numbers taken from poor OCR; see points_to_verify. https://archive.org/details/acollectionoftreatiesengagementsandsanadsaitchisonc.u.vol11_83_O
R. Hughes-Buller and Jamiat Rai, Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. V: Quetta-Pishin, Ajmer, 1907. Pages used: p. 43 (Treaty of Gandamak, 26 May 1879, Article 6; final orders on retention at the end of 1882), pp. 226–227 (the 1879 arrangement for Quetta; agreement of 8 June 1883 effective 1 April 1883, Rs 25,000). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46886
A. McConaghey, assisted by Jamiat Rai, Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. III: Sibi District, Text, Times Press, Bombay, 1907. Pages used: pp. 31–32 (Gandamak; "In November 1887 … declared parts of British India"; Political Agent redesignated Deputy Commissioner), p. 33 (October 1903 reorganisation; Nasirabad a sub-division). https://archive.org/details/sibidistricttext00mccouoft
T. H. Thornton, Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman: His Life and Work on our Indian Frontier, John Murray, London, 1895. Pages used: p. 172 (1887 Resolution; the "somewhat inappropriate designation"), p. 204 ("Resolution of November 1, 1887"; two districts). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209278
Denys Bray, Census of India, 1911, vol. IV: Baluchistan, Part I, Report, Calcutta, 1913. Para. 38, about p. 17 ("a distinction without a difference"). https://archive.org/details/india.history.resource.92565

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