Jam Durrak aur darbar-e-Kalat ki adabi riwayat

Atemad E-Magazine 17 October 2026 · 8 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab mein hum ne dekha ke Mir Nasir Khan awwal ne Sarawan aur Jhalawan ke qabail ko ek nizam-e-hukumat mein kis tarah bandha. Is baab mein hum isi daur ka ek aur rukh dekhein ge: shayari aur tehreer. Isi zamane mein Balochi shayari ki tareekh mein pehli baar ek aisa shayar samne aata hai jis ka naam hamein maloom hai, aur isi darbar se Brahui ki sab se purani maloom kitab bhi juri hui hai. Jahan makhaz ek dusre se mukhtalif hain wahan hum donon bayan alag alag dein ge.

Gumnam razmiya se naam wale shayar tak

Hissa doyam mein hum ne Mir Chakar ke zamane ki razmiya shayari ka zikr kiya tha. Mahir-e-lisaniyat Josef Elfenbein (Josef Elfenbein) ne "Encyclopaedia Iranica" mein Balochi shayari ko char adwar mein banta hai, jin mein pehla "classical" daur taqriban 1550 se 1700 tak aur doosra "post-classical" daur 1700 se 1800 tak hai. Elfenbein ke mutabiq atharwin sadi mein pehli baar hum aise shayaron tak pahunchte hain jin ke naam maloom hain, aur un mein sab se pehla aur sab se aham naam Jam Durrak (Jam Durrak) ka hai.

Carina Jahani (Carina Jahani) aur Agnes Korn (Agnes Korn) ne Irani zabanon par Routledge ki 2009 ki kitab mein Balochi ke baab mein yehi baat dohrai hai ke Jam Durrak woh pehla Balochi shayar hai jis ka naam hum tak pahuncha. Elfenbein ke mutabiq Balochi adab jadeed daur tak zabani tha aur peshawar gawaiyon ke hafize mein mehfooz rehta tha; ise tehreer mein lane ki baqaida koshishein unneeswin sadi mein shuru huin, aur Balochi mein baqaida tehreeri adab Pakistan mein taqriban 1950 ke baad hi parwan charha.

Jam Durrak: makhaz kya kehte hain

Jam Durrak ki zindagi ke bare mein ilmi makhaz bohat kam batate hain. Elfenbein unhein Kalat ke Mir Nasir Khan awwal ke darbar ka "sab se bara shayar" likhte hain aur Nasir Khan ka daur 1749 se 1795 tak batate hain (gazetteers ke mutabiq yeh daur 1793-94 mein khatam hua; dekhiye baab 21). "Encyclopaedia Britannica" ka Balochi zabaan par mazmoon bhi unhein atharwin sadi ke wasat mein Mir Muhammad Nasir Khan ke darbar ka sab se bara shayar kehta hai, aur likhta hai ke un ke geet aur nazmein aaj bhi Baloch gate hain. Sabir Badalkhan (Sabir Badalkhan) aur Carina Jahani ne 2015 mein Uppsala University ke Balochi zabaan project ke tehat Balochi adab ka jo mukhtasar taaruf likha, us mein khaniyat ke daur ka sab se mashhoor shayar Jam Durrak hi ko qarar diya gaya hai, jo us daur ke sab se namwar Khan ke darbari shayar the.

Tareekh-e-paidaish aur tareekh-e-wafat ka muamla khula hai. Hamare dekhe hue kisi ilmi makhaz mein un ki paidaish ya wafat ka saal darj nahin; Elfenbein unhein Nasir Khan ke daur-e-hukumat se jorte hain aur Britannica "atharwin sadi ka wasat" likhti hai. Is liye un ki zindagi ko kisi ek saal mein bandhne ke bajaye "Nasir Khan ka zamana" kehna hi makhaz ke mutabiq hai. Un ke qabile aur rehaish ke bare mein bhi hamein koi ilmi makhaz nahin mila, is liye yahan is ka zikr nahin kiya gaya.

Elfenbein, Britannica, Jahani o Korn aur Badalkhan o Jahani, sab Jam Durrak ko Nasir Khan ka darbari shayar kehte hain.

Ishq, uslub aur akhlaq

Elfenbein ke mutabiq Jam Durrak ka ishqiya kalam aaj bhi yaad kiya aur sunaya jata hai, aur is ka kuch hissa jama kar ke shaya bhi ho chuka hai. Uslub ke bare mein woh likhte hain ke un ki ghinai shayari ki pehchan chhote misre hain jin mein qafiye ki tarteeb umooman be-qaida hoti hai.

Kya un ki shayari mein tasawwuf bhi hai? University of Balochistan ke jaride "Balochistan Review" mein Ghulam Nabi Sajid ne 2015 ke mazmoon "Baloch samaj mein tasawwuf" mein likha ke Jam Durrak, Shay Mureed ki tarah, sufi nahin balke romani shayar the, albatta un ki shayari mein tasawwuf ki jhalak dekhi ja sakti hai.

Akhlaqi aqdar ka zikr Badalkhan aur Jahani khaniyat ke poore daur ki shayari ke hawale se karte hain: un ke mutabiq us zamane ki nazmein "Baloch mayar" yani Baloch zabta-e-ghairat ki tareef karti hain, jis mein badla lena, panah mangne wale ki hifazat aur waada nibhana shamil hain. Hamare dekhe hue makhaz yeh baat khaas taur par Jam Durrak ke naam se nahin kehte, is liye ise un ke zamane ki fiza samajhna chahiye, un ke kalam ka khulasa nahin.

Kalam kaise jama hua

Elfenbein saaf likhte hain ke Jam Durrak ke apne zamane ka koi makhtuta maujood nahin, agarche jo kuch hum tak pahuncha hai us ka bara hissa asli maloom hota hai.

Ise tehreer mein lane wala pehla bara majmua Longworth Dames (M. Longworth Dames) ki "Popular Poetry of the Baloches" hai jo 1907 (baaz nuskhon par 1906) mein London se Folk-lore Society aur Royal Asiatic Society ke liye do jildon mein chhapi: ek jild mein angrezi tarjume, doosri mein Balochi matn. Is ki fehrist mein "Durrak ke ishqiya geet" ke unwan se do hisse shamil hain. Kitab ke ek hazar nuskhe chhape gaye the jin mein se saat sau Folk-lore Society ke sarwaraq ke sath jari hue.

Beeswin sadi mein Balochon ne khud is kaam ko aage barhaya. Elfenbein ki kitabiyat mein Bashir Ahmad Baloch ka murattab kardah "Durrchin" (Quetta, 1963) darj hai. Phir 1990 mein Elfenbein ne classical aur jadeed Balochi adab ka do jildon par mushtamil intikhab shaya kiya, jise Badalkhan aur Jahani un do kitabon mein shumar karte hain jo Balochi adab ki mukhtalif asnaf ka bara intikhab angrezi tarjume aur sharah ke sath pesh karti hain.

Darbar ki doosri zabaan: Brahui "Tohfat al-ajaib"

Nasir Khan ka darbar sirf Balochi shayari se nahin jura. Elfenbein "Iranica" ke mazmoon "Brahui" mein likhte hain ke Farsi ki ek kitab "Tohfat al-ajaib" ka Brahui tarjuma Malik Dad Gharshin ne kiya, jo Kandahar ke ek Pathan mulla the aur Nasir Khan awwal ke darbar mein rehte the. Un ke mutabiq yeh kitab asal mein 1,275 ashaar par mushtamil batai jati hai, Mulla Nabu Jan ne ise murattab kiya aur yeh 1916 mein Lahore se chhapi. Elfenbein yeh bhi likhte hain ke Charles Masson (Charles Masson) ne 1843 mein jis "wahid Brahui makhtute" ka zikr kiya tha woh ghaliban yehi kitab hai.

Elfenbein ke mutabiq Malik Dad 1163 hijri se 1184 hijri, yani 1750 se 1770 ke barson mein Nasir Khan ke darbar mein rahe, aur yehi is tarjume ka zamana hai. Woh yeh bhi likhte hain ke jis asal makhtute par chhapa hua matn mabni hai woh ab gum bataya jata hai, is liye is ke musannif ke bare mein koi hatmi baat nahin kahi ja sakti.

Ek wirsa, kai sawal

Atharwin sadi ke Kalat se hamein do adabi nishan milte hain: Balochi mein Jam Durrak ke ishqiya geet, jo zabani riwayat se beeswin sadi mein kaghaz tak pahunche, aur Brahui mein darbar ke ek aalim ka tarjuma. Jam Durrak ki paidaish aur wafat ke saal aur un ka qabila aaj bhi tehqeeq talab hain.

Agle itwar: Nasir Khan ke baad: andaruni kashmakash.

Makhaz

Josef Elfenbein, "BALUCHISTAN iiia. Baluchi Poetry", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition (periodisation: classical c. 1550–1700, post-classical 1700–1800; Jam Durrak as the earliest and most important named poet, chief poet at the court of Naṣir Khan I of Kalat, 1749–95; short lines with random rhyme; no manuscripts from his own time; bibliography: Basir Aḥmad Baloc, Durrcin, Quetta, 1963). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iiia/
Josef Elfenbein, "BALUCHISTAN iii. Baluchi Language and Literature", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. III, fasc. 6, pp. 633–644, 1988 (love poetry still remembered and recited, some of it collected and published; Baluchi literature oral until the modern period; written literary cultivation from about 1950). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iii/
M. Longworth Dames, Popular Poetry of the Baloches, 2 vols., Folk-lore Society / Royal Asiatic Society, David Nutt, London, 1907 (some copies of vol. I dated 1906 on the title page) (contents: "Durrak's Love Songs", parts 1 and 2; print run of 1,000, 700 with the Folk-Lore Society title page). https://archive.org/details/popularpoetryofb01dameuoft · Catalogue: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001648709
"Balochi language", Encyclopaedia Britannica, online edition (Jam Durrak, mid-eighteenth century, chief poet at the court of Mir Muhammad Nasir Khan of Kalat; songs still sung). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balochi-language
Carina Jahani and Agnes Korn, "Balochi", in Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages, Routledge, London, 2009, chapter 11 (Jam Durrak as the first Balochi poet known by name, court poet of Nasir Khan I). Copy: https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Indo-European/Iranian/Balochi%20(Jahani%20&%20Korn).pdf
Sabir Badalkhan and Carina Jahani, "A Brief Introduction to Balochi Literature", The Balochi Language Project, Uppsala University, 2015 (Jam Durrak as the most renowned poet of the Khanate period; Khanate-era poems praising balocmayar; Elfenbein 1990 as one of two major anthologies with translation). https://www2.lingfil.uu.se/the-balochi-language-project/562/c_562186-l_3-k_jahanibadalkhanlastversionnov15.pdf
Josef Elfenbein, An Anthology of Classical and Modern Balochi Literature, 2 vols., Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 1990 (print; cited through sources 1 and 6).
Ghulam Nabi Sajid, "Mysticism in Baloch Society", Balochistan Review (Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan), no. 1, 2015, pp. 127–134 (Durrak "not a Sufi poet but a romantic", with some mysticism in his verse). https://www.uob.ac.pk/Journals/Balochistan-Review/data/BR%2001%202015/127-134%20Mysticism%20in%20Baloch%20Society,%20Ghulam%20Nabi%20Sajid.pdf
Josef Elfenbein, "BRAHUI", Encyclopaedia Iranica, online edition (the Toḥfat al-ʿajaʾeb translated from Persian into Brahui by Malekdad Ḡarsin, living at the court of Naṣir Khan I "in the years 1163-84/1750-70"; 1,275 couplets; original manuscript said to be lost; ed. Mulla Nabojan, Lahore, 1916; Masson's "unique" Brahui manuscript). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui/

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