Nasir Khan ke baad: andaruni kashmakash

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 10 minute ka mutalia

Pichhle baab ka mauzu Jam Durak aur darbar-e-Kalat ki adabi riwayat tha. Is baab mein hum is darbar ko ek mukhtalif haal mein dekhenge. Mir Nasir Khan awwal ke taweel daur ke baad Kalat ki riyasat apni wusat barqarar na rakh saki. Agle chalis paintalis baras, yaani angrezon ke darra-e-Bolan mein dakhile se pehle tak, ki kahani bairuni hamlon se zyada andaruni jhagron ki kahani hai: kamsin Khan, khud mukhtar hote suboon, takht ke daawedar, aur Khan ke wazeeron aur sardaron ke darmiyan khinchao. Jahan makhaz mukhtalif hain, wahan hum har ek ki baat alag likhenge.

Nasir Khan ki wafat aur ek kamsin jaanasheen

Nasir Khan awwal ki wafat ke saal par makhaz do tarikhein dete hain. 1907 ke Sarawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq un ka intiqal 1794 ki bahar mein Ganjawa mein hua, aur Jhalawan aur Kachhi ke Gazetteer (1907), 1908 ke Imperial Gazetteer ki khanon ki fehrist aur Naveed Razzaq o Rabia Islam (2023) bhi un ka daur 1793-94 par khatam karte hain. Doosri taraf W. W. Hunter ke "Imperial Gazetteer of India" ke doosre edition (1885) mein Balochistan ke mazmoon aur 1911 ke "Encyclopaedia Britannica" donon ke mutabiq un ka intiqal June 1795 mein hua.

Hunter ke Gazetteer ke mutabiq Nasir Khan ke baad un ke sab se bade bete Mahmud Khan (Mahmud Khan) takht par baithe, jin ki umar us waqt koi chaudah baras thi. Gazetteer unhein ek "rahm dil aur sust" shakhs likhta hai aur kehta hai ke un ke daur mein mulk "khoonrez jhagron" mein uljha raha. 1911 ki Britannica isi baat ko aage barhati hai: is daur mein kai suboon aur Azla ke hakimon ne Khan ki itaat chhor di, aur khanan-e-Kalat ki amal daari rafta rafta sikarti chali gayi.

Ek kamsin Khan ke saath sardaron ka rawaiya koi nayi baat nahin thi. Spooner likhte hain ke 1730 ki dahai mein Baloch sardaron ne Mir Mohabbat Khan ko nakafi pa kar un ki jagah un ke bhai Mir Eltaz Khan ko Khan bana diya tha. Ibn-e-Khaldun ke tasawwur-e-"asabiyat" ki roshni mein khaniyat-e-Kalat ka jaiza lene wale Naveed Razzaq aur Rabia Islam ke tehqiqi mazmoon (2023) ke mutabiq Mohabbat Khan ki mauzooli baad mein sardaron ki baghawaton ke liye ek nazeer ban gayi, jabke Nasir Khan awwal ne apne daur mein sardaron ko baghawat ka mauqa nahin diya tha. Yaani Nasir Khan ki mazboot girift hatte hi woh purana tawazun laut aaya jis mein Khan ki taqat sardaron ki raza se bandhi thi.

Karachi haath se nikal gaya

Nasir Khan ki wafat ke aas paas Kalat ne apna ek aham sahili shehar kho diya. "Encyclopaedia Britannica" mein Karachi ki tarikh ke mutabiq Sindh ke Talpur amiron (Talpurs) ne 1795 mein Karachi Khan-e-Kalat se hasil kiya aur Manora ke maqam par ek mustaqil qila banaya. Roznama Dawn mein Talpur daur par shaya ek mazmoon bhi yahi saal deta hai. Kuchh doosre hawale is se pehle ki ladaiyon aur muhasron ka zikr karte hain, magar un ki tarikhein ek doosre se nahin miltin, is liye hum yahan sirf woh saal likh rahe hain jis par yeh donon makhaz muttafiq hain.

Mahmud Khan ka daur: sikarti hui riyasat

Mahmud Khan ka daur kitna kamzor tha, is ka andaza Gazetteer of Balochistan ki Sarawan ki jild se hota hai, jis ka faisla is se bhi sakht hai. Is ke mutabiq Mahmud Khan "kamzor aur nahil" hukmran the aur un ke daur mein baghawaton ke siwa kuchh qabil-e-zikr nahin hua, yahan tak ke un ke paas sirf Jhalawan, Sarawan, kuchh Gandawa, Kalat aur Harrand (Harrand) reh gaye. Hunter ka Gazetteer bhi kehta hai ke Mahmud Khan ki saltanat un suboon ka sirf ek chhota sa hissa thi jo kabhi Nasir Khan ke matehat the.

Is fehrist mein jo naam nahin hain, woh bhi kuchh batate hain: Makuran, Lasbela aur Kharan is mein shamil nahin. Yeh ilaqe is daur mein kis tarah apne apne maqami hukmranon ke haath mein gaye, yeh agle baab ka mauzu hai.

Isi zamane mein Qandahar aur Kabul ki Durrani saltanat Kalat ke muamilat se alag nahin thi. Razzaq aur Islam ke "asabiyat" wale mazmoon ke mutabiq Mahmud Khan ke daur ki kamzori mein ek unsar yeh bhi tha ke unhon ne Afghan badshah Shah Zaman (Shah Zaman) ko khaniyat ke siyasi muamilat mein dakhal dene ki dawat di. Is dawat ki tafseel aur is ke nataij humein in makhaz mein nahin mile, is liye hum ise isi had tak bayan kar rahe hain.

Isi daur mein ek angrez sayyah ne Kalat ko apni aankhon se dekha. Henry Pottinger (Henry Pottinger) 1810 mein Mahmud Khan ke daur mein Kalat pahunche aur 1816 mein apna safarnama "Travels in Balochistan and Sindh" shaya kiya.

Mir Mehrab Khan: takht par daawa aur baghawat

Sarawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq Mahmud Khan ka intiqal 1816-17 mein hua aur un ke bete Mir Mehrab Khan (Mir Mehrab Khan) jaanasheen hue. Kachhi ka Gazetteer bhi Mahmud Khan ka daur 1793-94 se 1816-17 tak aur Mehrab Khan ka 1816-17 se 1839 tak likhta hai. Baad ki fehriston mein milne wala 1817 isi 1816-17 ka hissa hai, is liye yahan koi haqiqi ikhtilaf nahin.

Naye Khan ko aate hi ek daawedar ka samna karna pada. Gazetteer likhta hai ke Mehrab Khan ki takht nashini ko jald hi Ahmad Yar Khan ne challenge kiya, jo Bahram Khan ke bete the. Ahmad Yar Khan ne qabail ke saath saaz baaz ki aur Sarawan mein baghawat kara di. Gazetteer ka yeh bayan is baat ki ek aur misaal hai ke Kalat mein takht ka faisla sirf wirasat se nahin hota tha; Sarawan ke qabail ki himayat bhi utni hi aham thi.

Wazir bamuqabla sardar: Daud Muhammad ka urooj

Mehrab Khan ke daur ka sab se bada masla darbar ke andar tha. Sarawan Gazetteer ke mutabiq unhon ne apne mauroosi wazir Fateh Muhammad ko hata kar Daud Muhammad nami ek shakhs ko ikhtiyar de diya, jise Gazetteer "kam tar haisiyat ka aadmi" likhta hai. Gazetteer ke bamuqabil Daud Muhammad ne riyasat ke un tamam bade logon ko raste se hatane ki koshish ki jin ke asar se woh khaif tha, aur Mehrab Khan ko baad mein jo mushkilat pesh aayin, un ki badi zimmedari inhi iqdamat par thi.

Gazetteer ke mutabiq Daud Muhammad ka asar taqriban 1833 tak raha, jab Fateh Muhammad ke bete Mulla Muhammad Hasan (Mulla Muhammad Hasan) ne use qatl kar diya. (Hunter ke Gazetteer aur 1840 ke London Gazette mein yahi wazir "Muhammad Husain" ke naam se aata hai; donon naam ek hi shakhs ke hain.) Is ke baad Mulla Muhammad Hasan ko apne khandan ka mauroosi ohda wapas mil gaya. Yun wazarat ek baar phir usi khandan ke paas laut aayi jis se Mehrab Khan ne ise chheena tha, magar Khan aur is ke naye wazir ke darmiyan etimad ka rishta pehle jaisa nahin raha. 1911 ki Britannica baad ke waqiat ke silsile mein ek "ghaddar wazir" ka zikr karti hai jis ne british afsaron ko Mehrab Khan ke baare mein gumrah kiya; yeh kahani sattaisween aur atthaisween baab mein aayegi.

Ek nateeja, kai makhaz

1790 ki dahai ke wasat se 1830 ki dahai ke aakhir tak ka Kalat ek aisi riyasat hai jis ki sarhadein sikar rahi thin aur jis ke markaz mein ikhtiyar ki jang jaari thi. Hunter ka Gazetteer, 1911 ki Britannica aur Sarawan Gazetteer teenon is daur ko zawal ka daur kehte hain, magar un ke faislon ki bunyad british nuqta-e-nazar aur baad ki riwayatein hain. University of Balochistan ke majalle "Balochistan Review" mein Pervez Ahmed, Shazia Jaffar aur Abdul Nasir (2015) ne 1666 se 1871 tak Kalat ke muamilat ka jaiza lete hue is baat par zor diya hai ke mukhtalif saltanatein Balochistan ki taqat ki Siyasat mein shamil rahin, aur yahi halaat bil-akhir angrezon ko yahan tak laye. Charles Masson (Charles Masson), jo 1826 se 1838 tak is khitte mein rahe, ka 1842 ka safarnama bhi Mehrab Khan ke inhi barson ka ek aini bayan hai, jise in Gazetteeron ke saath mila kar parhna zaroori hai.

Agle itwar: Lasbela, Kharan aur Makuran ki riyastein: Kalat ke kinare par ubharti hui maqami hukumatein.

Makhaz

W. W. Hunter, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 2nd edition, vol. II, Trubner & Co., London, 1885, article "Baluchistan", p. 41 (Nasir Khan's death in June 1795; Mahmud Khan "a boy of about fourteen"; "humane and indolent"; "sanguinary broils"; his realm only "a small portion" of Nasir Khan's provinces). https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India_-_Volume_2_(2nd_edition).pdf/41
"Baluchistan (India)", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edition, Cambridge, 1911 (death in June 1795; governors of provinces and districts withdrawing allegiance under Mahmud Khan; the khan's dominions "gradually so diminished"; the "treacherous vizier" and Mehrab Khan). https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baluchistan_(India)
Baluchistan District Gazetteer Series, vol. VI: Sarawan (with vols. VI-A Kachhi and VI-B Jhalawan), 1907 (Nasir Khan I "died at Ganjawa in the spring of 1794", reign "1750-1 to 1793-4", pp. 29–30; Mahmud Khan "a weak and incapable ruler"; what remained to him: Jhalawan, Sarawan, Kach Gandava, Kalat, Harrand; "He died in 1816-7" and Mehrab Khan's accession; the dispute by Ahmadyar Khan son of Bahram Khan and the revolt in Sarawan; Fateh Muhammad set aside for Daud Muhammad; Daud's killing by Mulla Muhammad Hasan about 1833. Kachhi: Mahmud I "1793-4 to 1816-17", Mehrab II "1816-7 to 1839"). Combined scan: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22668 · Kachhi and Jhalawan PDFs: https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//137.pdf · https://irrigation.sindh.gov.pk/files/Books//136.pdf
Brian Spooner, "Baluchistan i. Geography, History and Ethnography", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. III, fasc. 6, 1988, pp. 598–632 (Mohabbat Khan replaced by Eltaz Khan by the sardars in the 1730s). https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-i/
"Karachi: History", Encyclopaedia Britannica (the Talpur amirs gain Karachi from the khan of Kalat in 1795 and build a fort on Manora Head). https://www.britannica.com/place/Karachi/History
"The reality of Talpur rule", Dawn, Karachi (the Talpurs take Karachi from the Khan of Kalat in 1795). https://www.dawn.com/news/861907
Naveed Razzaq and Rabia Islam, "Khanate of Kalat in the Light of Ibn Khaldun's Concept of Asabbiya (1731–1893)", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society LXXI/2 (2023), p. 111 ff. (Mohabbat Khan's deposition as a precedent for later revolts of the sardars; Nasir Khan allowing no rebellion; "Naseer Khan (1749-94)"; the "biggest blunder … his invitation to Afghan King Shah Zaman"). https://phs.com.pk/index.php/phs/article/download/307/144
Pervez Ahmed, Shazia Jaffar and Abdul Nasir, "The History of Kalat Affairs 1666 to 1871", Balochistan Review (Balochistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan) XXXIII/2 (2015), pp. 61–72 (survey of Kalat affairs; involvement of outside powers; circumstances that brought the British). https://uob.ac.pk/Journals/Balochistan-Review/data/BR%2002%202015/61-72%20The%20History%20of%20Kalat%20Affairs%201666%20to%201871,%20Pervez%20Ahmed.pdf
Henry Pottinger, Travels in Beloochistan and Sinde, Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown, London, 1816 (visit to Kalat in 1810, during Mahmud Khan's reign). https://archive.org/details/travelsinbelooc00pottgoog
Charles Masson, Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab, including a residence in those countries from 1826 to 1838, 3 vols., Richard Bentley, London, 1842. https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.04704
Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Baluchistan, Calcutta, 1908, p. 15, list of rulers ("Mir Mahmud Khan I, 1793-4"). https://archive.org/details/ImperialGazetteerOfIndiaBaluchistan
The London Gazette, no. 19825, 13 February 1840, p. 300, despatches on the capture of Kalat (list of prisoners: "Mahomed Hoossein, Vizier", the same man as Mulla Muhammad Hasan). https://thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19825/page/300/data.pdf
Pointers only, not relied on alone: "Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai" and "Mehrab Khan II of Kalat", Wikipedia; "Muhammad Nasir Khan I", Wikidata (the 1794 death date; reign of Mehrab Khan "about 1817–1839"). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Khan_I_Ahmadzai · https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehrab_Khan_II_of_Kalat · https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3336203

Balochistan: Tareekh ka Safar: tamam tehreerein →