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Ibn al-Nafis: Dil se phephron tak khoon ka rasta

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Aaj medical college ka har talib-e-ilm pehle saal hi mein yeh seekh leta hai ke dil ka dayan hissa khoon ko phephron mein bhejta hai, wahan khoon taza hota hai, aur phir dil ke bayen hisse mein laut aata hai. Isay khoon ki chhoti gardish ya phephron ki gardish (pulmonary circulation) kehte hain. Yeh baat aaj itni seedhi lagti hai ke mushkil se yaqeen aata hai ke sadiyon tak tabeeb kuch aur mante rahe. Terahveen sadi mein Qahira ke ek tabeeb Ibn al-Nafis (Ibn al-Nafis) ne is purane khayal ko radd kiya aur khoon ka sahih rasta bayan kiya.

Damishq se Qahira

America ki University of California, San Diego ke shobae tib se wabasta John B. West (John B. West) ne 2008 mein "Journal of Applied Physiology" mein Ibn al-Nafis par ek tehqeeqi mazmoon likha. Un ke mutabiq Ibn al-Nafis 1213 mein Damishq ya is ke bilkul qareeb paida hue aur 1288 mein foot hue. "Heart Views" nami tibbi jareede mein 2010 ke ek mazmoon mein un ki paidaish ka saal 1210 aur jae paidaish Damishq ke qareeb Qarsh nami qasba bataya gaya hai.

West ke mutabiq Ibn al-Nafis ne Damishq ke Bimaristan-e-Noori mein tib ki taleem payi. Teis baras ki umar mein woh Qahira chale gaye, jahan pehle al-Nasiri hospital aur phir al-Mansouri hospital mein kaam kiya, aur al-Mansouri mein woh sab se bade tabeeb ke ohde tak pahunche. Unhon ne tib ki ek jame kitab ki soorat mein ek bohat bada encyclopedia likhna shuru kiya, jo West ke mutabiq kabhi mukammal na ho saka magar apne zamane mein shuru kiya jane wala sab se bada tibbi encyclopedia tha.

Purana nazariya: deewar mein chhupe suraakh

Doosri sadi eesvi mein Yunani tabeeb Jalinoos (Galen) aur un ke maktab-e-fikr ne dil aur khoon ka ek nazariya pesh kiya. West likhte hain ke Ibn al-Nafis ke zamane tak yeh taleemat ek hazar saal se raij thin, aur Ibn Sina ne bhi, jin ki "Al-Qanun fil Tib" ka zikr is silsile ke adtiswen mazmoon mein hua, Jalinoos ki tehriron ka gehra mutalea kiya tha. West ke mutabiq is nazariye mein khoon dil ke dayen khane se bayen khane tak us deewar ke "nazar na aane wale surakhon" se guzarta tha jo dono khanon ko alag karti hai.

Naya rasta: phephron ke zariye

West likhte hain ke Ibn al-Nafis ne sirf untees baras ki umar mein apni sab se ahem kitab "Sharh Tashrih al-Qanun" likhi, yaani Ibn Sina ki Al-Qanun ke tashreehi hisse ki sharh. Isi kitab mein unhon ne saaf likha ke dil ke dono khanon ke darmiyan koi rasta nahin. Agar khoon deewar se nahin guzar sakta to bayen khane tak kaise pahunchta hai? Un ka jawab tha: phephron ke zariye.

"Heart Views" ke mazmoon ke mutabiq Ibn al-Nafis ki bayan karda tarteeb yoon hai: khoon dayen khane se us naali mein jata hai jise aaj pulmonary artery kehte hain, wahan se phephron mein pahunchta hai, phir pulmonary vein ke zariye bayen khane mein aata hai. Aaj ki tibbi kitabon mein bhi yahi rasta likha hai.

Ibn al-Nafis ek qadam aur aage gaye. West ke mutabiq unhon ne kaha ke phephron mein artery aur vein ke darmiyan chhote chhote raste ya masam hone chahiyen, jinhen arabi mein "manafidh" kaha gaya. Woh yeh raste aankh se nahin dekh sakte the, magar daleel se un ke hone ka andaza lagaya. In bareek naaliyon ko, jinhen aaj capillaries (capillaries) kehte hain, taqreeban chaar sau saal baad Marcello Malpighi (Marcello Malpighi) ne daryaft kiya. "Heart Views" ke mazmoon ke mutabiq Ibn al-Nafis ne yeh bhi likha ke dil ke azlat ko ghiza us ke apne andar ki ragon se milti hai.

Saat sau saal baad dobara daryaft

Ibn al-Nafis ka yeh kaam sadiyon tak kutub khanon mein para raha. West ke mutabiq Misri tabeeb Muhyiddin al-Tatawi (Muhyo al-Deen al-Tatawi) Germany ki Freiburg University mein doctorate ka maqala likh rahe the, jab unhen Berlin ki Prussian State Library mein is kitab ka ek qalmi nuskha mila. Un ka maqala 1924 ka hai. Yeh maqala kabhi chhapa nahin; is ki sirf paanch typed copies baniin.

Khush qismati se Qahira mein muqeem tabeeb aur mashriqi uloom ke mahir Max Meyerhof (Max Meyerhof) ne is daryaft ko mehfooz karne ke liye is par tabsira likha, aur baad mein mutalliqa hisson ke German, French aur English tarjume shaya kiye. Yoon Ibn al-Nafis ka naam duniya bhar ki tib ki tareekh mein aa gaya.

Europe mein solahveen sadi mein Michael Servetus (Michael Servetus) ne 1553 ki ek kitab mein, aur baad mein Realdo Colombo (Realdo Colombo) ne bhi, is se milte julte khayalat pesh kiye. Kya un tak Ibn al-Nafis ka kaam pahuncha tha? Is par muarrikhin ki raye mukhtalif hai, aur West ke mutabiq bohat se muarrikhin ka khayal hai ke Servetus is kaam se waqif nahin the.

Aaj ka sabaq

Ibn al-Nafis ki kahani mein sab se ahem cheez un ka tareeqa hai. Unhon ne hazar saal se raij aur mustanad mane jane wale nazariye ko sirf is liye qabool nahin kiya ke woh purana tha. Unhon ne dekha ke dil ki deewar thos hai, aur isi mushahide se nateeja nikala ke khoon ko koi aur rasta ikhtiyar karna hoga.

Aaj jab koi doctor stethoscope se dil aur phephron ki awaz sunta hai, ya koi surgeon dil ka operation karta hai, to woh isi naqshe par kaam kar raha hota hai jis ka ek ahem hissa terahveen sadi ke Qahira mein likha gaya. Poore jism mein khoon ki gardish ka mukammal bayan, jo William Harvey (William Harvey) ne diya, is silsile ke ek aane wale mazmoon ka mauzu hoga.

Makhaz

John B. West, "Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age", Journal of Applied Physiology 105(6): 1877–1880 (2008), PMC2612469. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2612469/ — author at Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego; Galen (130–199) and his school dominant for a thousand years, Avicenna studied Galen extensively; Ibn al-Nafis 1213–1288, born in Damascus or very nearby; trained at the Bimaristan al-Noori, Damascus; moved to Cairo at 23, al-Nassri then al-Mansouri hospital, physician-in-chief; Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon published at 29; Galen's invisible pores in the septum rejected, "no passage" between the cavities; blood reaches the left ventricle through the lungs; predicted pores (manafidh) between pulmonary artery and vein about 400 years before Malpighi (1628–1694); Comprehensive Book of Medicine never completed, largest medical encyclopedia attempted at the time; Tatawi's 1924 Freiburg thesis from the Berlin (Prussian State Library) manuscript, never published, five typewritten copies; Meyerhof's commentary and German, French and English translations; "many historians believe that Servetus was not aware of the work of Ibn al-Nafis"; Servetus's 1553 book and the same ideas later expressed by Columbus (Colombo), Valverde, Vesalius and Harvey (1578–1657).
M. Akmal, M. Zulkifle and A. H. Ansari, "Ibn Nafis – A Forgotten Genius in the Discovery of Pulmonary Blood Circulation", Heart Views 11(1): 26–30 (2010), PMC2964710. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2964710/ — gives 1210–1288 and birth at Qarsh near Damascus; move to Egypt in 1236; Sharh Tashrih al-Qanun; sequence right ventricle – pulmonary artery – lungs – pulmonary vein – left ventricle; heart nourished by vessels within its own substance; manuscript found in the Prussian State Library, Berlin, in 1924 by Dr M. al-Tatawi.

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