Hiuen Tsang: Gandhara, Swat, Taxila aur Sindh ka Chini sayyah

Taxila ke khandar unneesvin sadi mein jab dobara dhoonde gaye to maahireen-e-asaar ki ek badi rahnuma barah sau baras purani kitab thi: ek Chini raahib ka safarnama jis ne saatvin sadi mein Peshawar, Swat, Taxila, Sindh aur Multan ko apni aankhon se dekha tha. Is raahib ka naam Hiuen Tsang (Xuanzang) tha. Us ka safar itna mashhoor hua ke sadiyon baad China ka ek maqbool novel "Maghrib ka safar" (Journey to the West) isi par likha gaya. Magar asal Hiuen Tsang ek mehnati aalim tha jis ki tafseelat aaj bhi Pakistan ki qadeem tareekh samajhne mein kaam aati hain.

Chang’an se khufiya rawangi

Hiuen Tsang 602 (baaz maakhiz mein 603) mein China ke soba Henan (Henan) mein paida hua. Ise Buddh mat ki kitabon ke Chini tarjumon mein ikhtilafat aur adhoora pan pareshan karta tha, aur woh asal Sanskrit matan Hindustan se lana chahta tha. Us ke Angrez mutarjim Samuel Beal (Samuel Beal) ke mutabiq do sau baras pehle ke sayyah Fa-Hien ki yaad ne bhi ise is safar par ubhara.

National Geographic ke mutabiq us ne 629 mein yeh safar shuru kiya jo solah baras jaari raha; ek riwayat 627 ki bhi hai. Us zamane mein China se bahar jane par pabandi thi, aur Wikipedia ke mutabiq us ne yeh pabandi tod kar safar kiya. Beal batata hai ke sarhad par rahnuma ne dhoka diya aur woh raat ko darya paar kar ke akela pehre ki chowkiyon tak pahuncha. Phir Turfan, Kucha aur Tashkent se hota hua woh Hindustan ki sarhad par aaya.

Gandhara aur Peshawar: ek dhalti hui tehzeeb

Hiuen Tsang ki kitab "Si-yu-ki" (Si-yu-ki, yani maghribi ilaqon ka ahwal) mein Gandhara (Gandhara) ka bayan yun shuru hota hai: yeh mulk mashriq se maghrib tak taqriban ek hazar "li" aur shimal se janub tak aath sau li hai, aur mashriq mein is ki sarhad darya-e-Sindh hai. Daar-ul-hukumat "Po lo sha po lo" yani Purushapura (Peshawar) hai.

Yeh woh Gandhara nahin tha jo Fa-Hien ne do sau baras pehle dekha tha. Hiuen Tsang likhta hai ke shahi khandan khatam ho chuka hai aur mulk Kapisa (Kapisa) ke naib chalate hain, qasbe aur gaon veeran hain aur aabadi kam reh gayi hai. Zameen albatta zarkhez thi: anaaj, phool, phal aur ganna khoob hota tha aur ganne ke ras se "jami hui shakar" banayi jati thi. Woh likhta hai ke yahan ki ek hazar ke qareeb khanqahen ujar chuki hain aur jhadiyon se bhari padi hain. Us ne yeh bhi likha ke is sarzameen ne Asanga (Asanga) aur Vasubandhu (Vasubandhu) jaise bade musannif paida kiye.

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Gandhara ka pehla tafseeli jughrafiyai bayan Hiuen Tsang hi ka hai, aur isi ki madad se jadeed daur mein is ilaqe ke asaar ko Gandhara ka virsa pehchana gaya.

Darya-e-Sindh ke kinare Panini ka shehar

Gandhara mein Hiuen Tsang "Udakhanda" (Udakhanda) ke shehar se guzra jis ki janubi simt darya-e-Sindh se milti thi. Beal ke hashiye ke mutabiq yeh Ohind yani Hund ka maqam hai. Us ke shimal maghrib mein "Salatura" (Salatura) ka qasba tha jise Hiuen Tsang Sanskrit ke mashhoor qawaid daan Panini (Panini) ki jaye paidaish likhta hai. Us ne bayan kiya ke Panini ne zabaan ke qaide jama kar ke ek hazar ashlokon ki kitab likhi, aur badshah ne elaan kiya ke jo ise shuru se aakhir tak yaad karega use ek hazar sone ke sikke inaam milenge. Beal ke mutabiq Cunningham ne Salatura ko Hund ke shimal maghrib mein chaar meel par waqe gaon Lahore se shanakht kiya.

Swat aur Taxila

Udyana (Udyana) yani Swat ka bayan parh kar aaj ka qari bhi is wadi ko pehchan leta hai. Hiuen Tsang likhta hai ke pahaar aur wadiyan ek doosre se jurri hain, angoor bohat hota hai, zameen sona aur loha deti hai, jungle ghane aur saya daar hain, phool phal beshumar hain aur sardi garmi mo’tadil hai.

Magar yahan bhi waqt badal chuka tha. Darya-e-Swat ke dono kinaron par chaudah sau purani khanqahen thin jo zyada tar veeran padi thin; Hiuen Tsang ke baqaul kabhi un mein atharah hazar raahib rehte the, ab bohat thode reh gaye the. Beal ne hashiye mein tawajjoh dilayi hai ke Fa-Hien ke zamane mein yehi khanqahen aabad thin, yani 400 aur 630 ke darmiyan kisi waqt yahan bada zawal aaya.

Taxila, jise Hiuen Tsang "Ta cha shi lo" likhta hai, ka haal bhi aisa hi tha. Shahi khandan khatam ho chuka tha aur umara taqat ke liye aapas mein ladte the; mulk pehle Kapisa ke mataht tha aur ab Kashmir ko kharaj deta tha. Zameen zarkhez aur chashme bohat the, magar khanqahen khandar ho rahi thin aur raahib ginti ke reh gaye the. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Taxila ki khanqahon ka yehi zawal Hiuen Tsang ki tehreer mein mehfooz hai, aur National Geographic likhta hai ke Cunningham ne Taxila ke khandaron ka maqam tay karne ke liye Hiuen Tsang ki tehreeron se madad li.

Nalanda, phir Sindh aur Multan

Taxila se Hiuen Tsang Kashmir gaya aur phir Ganga ke maidanon se hota hua Nalanda (Nalanda) pahuncha, jo is daur mein Buddh Taleem ka sab se bada markaz tha. Wikipedia ke mutabiq wahan us ne ustaad Silabhadra (Silabhadra) se Sanskrit aur Buddh falsafa parha.

Apne lambe safar mein woh Sindh bhi aaya. Us ke baqaul Sindh ka mulk saat hazar li ke ghere mein tha; yahan gandum aur bajra khoob hota tha, bail, bheir, oont aur khachar pale jate the, aur oont chhote aur ek kohan wale the. Us ne Sindh ke namak ka khaas zikr kiya: shangarf ki tarah surkh namak, safed namak, kala namak aur seendha namak, jo door door tak dawa ke taur par istemal hota tha. Us ke mutabiq yahan kai sau khanqahen aur taqriban das hazar raahib the, aur badshah Buddh dharam ka ehtiram karta tha.

Sindh se mashriq ki taraf darya paar kar ke woh "Mulasthanapura" (Mulasthanapura) pahuncha jise Beal Multan batata hai. Us ke baqaul yeh ganjan aabad aur khushhal shehar tha aur log saada aur diyanatdar the. Yahan Buddh khanqahen das ke qareeb aur zyada tar ujri hui thin, jabke Suraj devta ka ek shandar mandir shehar ki pehchan tha.

Wapsi aur kitabon ka khazana

Wapsi mein Hiuen Tsang ne ek baar phir Hund ke qareeb darya-e-Sindh paar kiya. Beal ke mutabiq darya paar karte hue us ki kuch kitabein aur phool zaya ho gaye aur woh khud doobte doobte bacha. Wikipedia ke mutabiq woh Darra-e-Khyber, Kashgar aur Khotan ke raste 645 ke pehle mahine mein Chang’an lauta. Beal likhta hai ke woh apne sath Buddh ki murtiyan, tabarrukat aur kitabon ke 520 baste laya jo baees ghoron par lade the; Wikipedia un mein kitabon ki tadad 657 batata hai.

Shahenshah Taizong (Taizong) ne us ka istiqbal kiya aur us ki farmaish par Hiuen Tsang ne 646 mein apna safarnama mukammal kiya. Baqi zindagi woh tarjume karta raha aur 664 mein faut hua. Aaj Swat ya Taxila ke khandaron ko dekhne wala har shakhs kisi na kisi tarah isi Chini sayyah ki nazar se yeh manzar dekhta hai.

Agli qist: Sulaiman tajir: Khaleej se China tak ka behri rasta.