Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda: Qaseede ka badshah

Atharhveen sadi ki Dilli mein, jab Wali ka diwan shumal ke shairon ko apni zaban mein sher kehna sikha chuka tha, do naam sab se oonche the: Meer Taqi Meer aur Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda. Meer dil ki baat kehte the, apna dukh, apni tanhai. Sauda ki aankhein bahar ki duniya par thin: bazar, darbar, amir, kotwal, shaikh aur zahid. Woh ghazal ke bhi shair the, magar un ki asl shaan qaseede aur hajv mein khuli. Un ki ghazal mein bhi ek shokh sa shikwa milta hai:

Gul phenke hai auron ki taraf balke samar bhiAe khana bar andaz Chaman kuch to idhar bhi

Zindagi aur zamana

Rekhta ke taaruf ke mutabiq Sauda ka naam Mirza Muhammad Rafi tha aur woh atharhveen sadi ke pehle ashre mein paida hue. Aam riwayat ke mutabiq un ka watan Dilli tha. Un ke buzurgon ka pesha sipah gari tha aur walid tijarat ke silsile mein bahar se Hindustan aaye the. Shairi mein unhon ne pehle Suleman Quli Khan Widad aur phir Shah Hatim se islah li, aur apne zamane ke bare alim Khan Arzu ki sohbat se faida uthaya. Rekhta ke mutabiq Urdu mein sher kehne ka mashwara unhein Khan Arzu hi ne diya tha.

Muhammad Shah ke zamane mein Sauda ki shohrat urooj par pahunch gayi. Kai amir un ke qadardan the. Magar yeh wahi zamana tha jab Dilli par ek ke baad ek museebat toot rahi thi: Ahmad Shah Abdali ke hamle, Marhaton ki yalghar, aur Mughal darbar ki kamzori jis mein na tankhwah thi na aman. Sauda ne is ujadti Dilli ka haal apne "Shehr Ashob" mein likha, jo Urdu mein apni tarz ki ek mashhoor nazm hai.

Dilli se nikal kar Sauda kai baras Farrukhabad mein ek nawab ki sarparasti mein rahe. Rekhta ke mutabiq 1770 ke lag bhag woh Shuja-ud-Daula ke zamane mein Faizabad pahunche, aur jab Asif-ud-Daula ne takht sambhal kar Lucknow ko dar-ul-hukumat banaya to Sauda bhi un ke sath Lucknow aa gaye. Yahan unhein chhe hazar rupay salana wazifa milta tha aur un ki zindagi aram se guzri. 1781 mein Lucknow hi mein un ka inteqal hua.

Sauda ka Kulliyat bohat bara hai. Rekhta ke mutabiq is mein taintalis qaseede hain, aur un ke alawa hajwein, marsiye, masnawiyan, rubaiyan, qitaat aur paheliyan bhi. Farsi nasr mein unhon ne "Ibrat ul Ghafileen" ke naam se ek tanqeedi risala likha, aur Farsi ka ek chhota diwan bhi un se yadgar hai.

Uslub

Meer aur Sauda ka muwazna Urdu tanqeed ka purana mauzu hai. Kaleemuddin Ahmad ke alfaz mein, jo Rekhta ne naqal kiye hain, Meer ki aankhein dil ki taraf jhuki rehti thin jabke Sauda "duniya ki bo qalamooni ka mushahida" karte the. Yaani Meer aap beeti kehte hain aur Sauda jag beeti. Sauda ke han zaban par hakimana girift, lafzon ki chusti aur bayan ka zor hai. Muhammad Husain Azad ne likha ke un ke sher mein se ek lafz bhi badal dein to sher ka maza jata rehta hai. Sauda khud bhi apne kamal se waqif the:

Batil hai hum se dawa shair ko hum sari kaDiwan hai hamara kaisa jawahri ka

Kisi shair ka hum se barabri ka dawa ghalat hai; hamara diwan to johri ki thaili hai, jis mein har sher ek moti hai.

Un ki hajv ki dhar un ki ghazal mein bhi jhalak jati hai, khas taur par jab woh shaikh aur zahid ko nishana banate hain:

Jo dekhta hai tujh ko hansta hai qahqahe marAe shaikh tera chehra mabda hai maskhari ka

Muntakhab Kalam

Ve suratein ilahi kis mulk bastiyan hainAb dekhne ko jin ke aankhein tarastiyan hain

Barsat ka to Mausam kab ka nikal gaya parMizhgan ki yeh ghataein ab tak barastiyan hain

Is daur mein gayi hai murawwat ki aankh phootMadoom hai jahan se chashm-e-haya parast

Jo guzri mujh pe mat is se kaho hua so huaBala kashan-e-mohabbat pe jo hua so hua

Kahe hai sun ke meri sarguzasht woh be rehmYeh kaun zikr hai jane bhi do hua so hua

Dil mat tapak nazar se ke paya na jaye gaJun ashk phir zameen se uthaya na jaye ga

Rukhsat hai baghban ke tanak dekh lein ChamanJate hain wan jahan se phir aaya na jaye ga

Amame ko utar ke parhiyo namaz shaikhSajde se warna sar ko uthaya na jaye ga

Kaam aayi koh kan ki mashaqqat na ishq meinPatthar se joo-e-sheer ke lane ne kya kya

Kis hasti-e-mauhoom pe nazan hai tu ae yarKuch apne shab o roz ki hai tujh ko khabar bhi

Ashaar ki tashreeh

«Ve suratein ilahi kis mulk bastiyan hain…» Ya Khuda, woh chehre ab kis des mein ja base hain jinhein dekhne ko aankhein taras rahi hain? Ujdi hui Dilli aur bichhde hue logon ki yaad is ek sher mein simat aayi hai. "Tarastiyan hain" jaisi jama is zamane ki zaban hai.

«Barsat ka to Mausam kab ka nikal gaya par…» Barish ka Mausam kab ka khatam ho gaya, magar meri palkon ki ghataein ab tak baras rahi hain. Aansuon ko badal kehne ki purani tashbeeh Sauda ke han nayi tazgi ke sath aayi hai.

«Is daur mein gayi hai murawwat ki aankh phoot…» Is zamane mein murawwat andhi ho gayi hai aur duniya se sharm o haya wali aankh ghayab hai. Yeh sher un ke zamane ki be hisi par seedha tabsira hai.

«Jo guzri mujh pe mat is se kaho hua so hua…» Mujh par jo beeti woh mehboob ko mat sunao; mohabbat ki museebatein uthane walon par jo guzarni thi guzar gayi. Radeef "hua so hua" ne is ghazal ko bohat mashhoor kiya.

«Kahe hai sun ke meri sarguzasht woh be rehm…» Meri poori dastan sun kar woh be rehm kehta hai: yeh kya qissa le baithe, chhoro, jo hua so hua. Mehboob ki be parwai ka is se zyada rozmarra bayan mushkil hai.

«Dil mat tapak nazar se ke paya na jaye ga…» Ae dil, aankh se aansu ban kar na tapak, kyunke jaise gira hua aansu zameen se nahin uthaya ja sakta, waise hi tu bhi phir hath na aaye ga.

«Rukhsat hai baghban ke tanak dekh lein Chaman…» Ae mali, ijazat de ke zara bagh ko ek nazar dekh lein; hum wahan ja rahe hain jahan se wapsi nahin. Duniya se rukhsat ka yeh manzar bohat sada aur bohat gehra hai.

«Amame ko utar ke parhiyo namaz shaikh…» Ae shaikh, namaz pagri utar kar parhna, warna itne bhari amame ke sath sajde se sar na utha sako ge. Zahiri barai aur dikhawe par yeh tanz Sauda ki hajv ka halka sa namuna hai.

«Kaam aayi koh kan ki mashaqqat na ishq mein…» Farhad ne pahar kaat kar doodh ki nahar nikali, magar ishq mein us ki yeh mehnat kis kaam aayi? Shireen phir bhi use na mili. Purani dastan se Sauda ishq ki be basi ka nateeja nikalte hain.

«Kis hasti-e-mauhoom pe nazan hai tu ae yar…» Ae dost, tu apni is wahm jaisi hasti par kis baat ka ghurur karta hai? Kuch khabar bhi hai ke tere din raat kis tezi se guzar rahe hain?

Asar aur yadgar

Sauda ne Urdu qaseede ko woh maqam diya jo is se pehle sirf Farsi ko hasil tha. Un ke baad Zauq jaise shairon ne qaseede mein naam kamaya, magar qaseede ka zikr aaj bhi Sauda ke naam se shuru hota hai. Hajv aur Shehr Ashob mein bhi woh Urdu ke awwaleen bare naam hain, aur un ki nazmon mein atharhveen sadi ki Dilli aur Lucknow ke samaj ki jo tasveer milti hai woh tareekh ki kitabon mein bhi kam milti hai. Rekhta ke taaruf mein yeh raye bhi darj hai ke un ki hajv mein zati hamle kabhi kabhi hadd se barh jate hain, aur un ka behtareen kaam wahan hai jahan mauzu kisi ek shakhs ke bajaye poora zamana hai.

Ghazal mein Meer ki shohrat ne Sauda ko kuch peechhe kar diya, magar jo qari un ki ghazalein ghaur se parhe, use un mein zaban ki woh quwwat aur duniya ki woh wusat milti hai jo Meer ki duniya se mukhtalif hai, kam nahin.

Qareen se: Sauda ka kaun sa sher aap ko aaj ke zamane par bhi sadiq aata laga? Hamein likh kar bhejiye. Muntakhab ashaar aap ke naam ke sath agle Jumme ke safhe par shaya kiye jayenge.

Agle Jumme: Khwaja Meer Dard, jinhon ne Dilli ki barbadi mein bhi shehr na chhora aur Urdu ghazal ko tasawwuf ki zaban di.