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Ulugh Beg ki rasadgah: Samarkand mein sitaron ki fehrist

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Durbeen ijad hone se taqriban do sau saal pehle Samarkand ke bahar ek pahari par ek ajeeb imarat khari thi. Yeh teen manzila gol imarat thi, aur us ke beech mein sang-e-marmar ki ek bohat bari qous zameen ke andar tak utarti thi. Yahan mahireen-e-falakiyat ne barson sooraj, sayyaron aur sitaron ko naapa, aur nataij ek kitab mein jama kiye jo sadiyon tak istemal hoti rahi. Us rasadgah ko banwane wale ka naam Ulugh Beg (Ulugh Beg) tha.

Hukmran jo riyazi dan tha

St Andrews University ke MacTutor archive ke mutabiq Ulugh Beg 1394 mein Soltaniyeh mein paida hue, jo aaj Iran mein hai, aur 1449 mein faut hue. "Ulugh Beg" un ka laqab tha, jis ka matlab Turkey mein "bara shehzada" hai; un ka asal naam Muhammad Taraghay tha. MacTutor ke mutabiq 1409 mein, solah baras ki umar mein, unhein Samarkand aur us ke gird ke ilaqe ka intezam sonpa gaya.

"Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers" mein muarrikh-e-falakiyat Benno van Dalen (Benno van Dalen) likhte hain ke Ulugh Beg ko 1411 tak riyazi aur falakiyat mein gehri dilchaspi ho chuki thi, aur mumkin hai yeh dilchaspi bachpan mein Iran ki Maragha rasadgah ke khandarat dekh kar paida hui ho.

Samarkand ka madrasa

MacTutor ke mutabiq 1417 mein Ulugh Beg ne Samarkand mein ek madrase ki tameer shuru ki jo 1420 mein mukammal hui. Yeh aaj bhi Registan chowk par khara hai. Van Dalen ke mutabiq doosre madrason ke bar-aks yahan riyazi aur falakiyat sab se aham mazameen mein shamil the. Yahan ke numayan ustaad Qazi Zada Rumi the, aur kuch arse baad riyazi dan Ghiyasuddin Jamshid al-Kashi bhi un ke sath aa mile.

Van Dalen ke mutabiq al-Kashi ke apne walid ke naam khaton se pata chalta hai ke Ulugh Beg ilmi majlison mein khud shareek hote the, aur ghore par sawar ho kar bhi pecheeda falakiyati hisab kar lete the.

Rasadgah aur Fakhri sudus

Rasadgah kab bani, us par hawale mukhtalif hain: Van Dalen 1420 batate hain, "Dictionary of Scientific Biography" madrase ke chaar saal baad, aur MacTutor ke mutabiq tameer 1428 mein shuru hui. Van Dalen ke mutabiq us ki gol imarat ka qutr taqriban 46 meter tha aur teen manzilon ki unchai taqriban 30 meter.

Rasadgah ka markazi aala "Fakhri sudus" (Fakhri sextant) tha, yani daire ke chhathe hisse jitni ek qous, jo theek shumal janoob lakeer par banai gai thi. "Dictionary of Scientific Biography" mein T. N. Kari-Niazov (T. N. Kari-Niazov) ke mutabiq us ka nisf qutr 40.04 meter tha, jis ki wajah se yeh apni qism ka duniya ka sab se bara falakiyati aala tha. Us ke liye pahari mein taqriban do meter chauri ek khandaq khodi gai thi, aur qous ke dono taraf sang-e-marmar ki deewarein thin.

Kari-Niazov ke mutabiq qous par ek darja 70.2 centimeter ke barabar tha, aur ek millimeter paanch second-e-qous ke barabar. Us se har roz dopahar ko sooraj ki unchai naapi jati, aur isi se zameen ke mehwar ka jhukao, Samarkand ka arz-e-balad aur saal ki lambai jaise bunyadi adad nikale jate.

Zij-e-Sultani

In mushahidat ka nateeja Farsi mein likhi gai falakiyati jadwalon ki ek kitab thi, jise "Zij-e-Sultani" ya "Zij-e-Ulugh Beg" kehte hain. MacTutor ke mutabiq yeh 1437 mein mukammal hui. Van Dalen likhte hain ke Ulugh Beg ne kitab ke dibache mein Qazi Zada, al-Kashi aur Ali Qushji ke taawun ka aitraf kiya hai.

Us kitab ke kuch adad aaj bhi hairan karte hain. Van Dalen ke mutabiq zameen ke mehwar ka jhukao us mein 23 darje 30 minute 17 second hai, jabke us waqt ki asal qadar 23 darje 30 minute 48 second thi. Sitaron ki salana sarakne ki raftar, jise taqdeem-e-aitadalain kehte hain, 51.4 second nikali gai, jabke asal qadar 50.2 second hai. MacTutor ke mutabiq saal ki lambai 365 din, 5 ghante, 49 minute aur 15 second nikali gai.

Riyazi ka hissa bhi kamal ka hai. Van Dalen ke mutabiq jaib (sine) ki jadwal sifar se 87 darje tak har ek minute-e-qous ke liye taqriban nau ashariya darjon tak durust thi. MacTutor ke mutabiq ek darje ki jaib ke liye Ulugh Beg ka jawab 0.017452406437283571 tha, jo asal qadar se solah ashariya maqamat tak milta hai.

Sitaron ki fehrist

Zij ka sab se mashhoor hissa us ki sitaron ki fehrist hai. Kari-Niazov ke mutabiq us mein 1,018 sitare hain; MacTutor yeh tadad 992 batata hai. Kari-Niazov ke mutabiq kuch sitaron ke maqam Samarkand mein naye mushahidat se nikale gaye aur kuch mahir-e-falakiyat al-Sufi ki purani fehrist se liye gaye. Van Dalen ke mutabiq 1437 ki yeh fehrist qurun-e-wusta ki Muslim duniya mein sitaron ke maqamat ke bare paimane par kiye gaye asal mushahidat ki wahid misal hai.

Khandar se dobara daryaft tak

Van Dalen ke mutabiq rasadgah tees saal se kuch zyada arsa kaam karti rahi, solahvin sadi tak khatam ho gai aur waqt ke sath mitti mein dab gai. 1908 mein mahir-e-asar-e-qadeema V. L. Vyatkin (V. L. Vyatkin) ne Fakhri sudus ka zameen ke andar wala hissa dhoond nikala: sang-e-marmar se dhaki do mutawazi deewarein aur qous ka woh tukra jo 57 se 80 darje tak ki paimaish karta tha.

Zij ka asar door door tak pahuncha. Van Dalen ke mutabiq yeh unneesvin sadi tak istemal hoti rahi, us ke Arabi aur Turkey ke tarjume hue, Delhi samet kai shehron ke liye us ki maqami soortein taiyar hui, aur satrahvin sadi ke Inglistan mein us ke hisse shaya hue. Un ke mutabiq atharvin sadi mein barre-saghir ke paanch shehron, jin mein Jaipur aur Delhi shamil hain, mein Jai Singh ki banwai hui pathar ki bari rasadgahon par bhi Ulugh Beg ki rasadgah ka gehra asar tha. Yun Samarkand ki pahari par kiya gaya kaam hamare khitte ke aasman dekhne walon tak bhi pahuncha.

Makhaz

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "Ulugh Beg", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ulugh_Beg/ — born 22 March 1394 at Soltaniyeh, died 27 October 1449; given control of Samarkand in 1409 aged sixteen; madrasa begun 1417, completed 1420, on Registan Square; observatory construction began 1428; Zij-i Sultani 1437 with 992 stars; year length 365 d 5 h 49 min 15 s; sin 1° = 0.017452406437283571 against 0.017452406437283512820; collaborators al-Kashi and Qadi Zada.
Benno van Dalen, "Ulugh Beg: Muhammad Taraghay ibn Shahrukh ibn Timur", Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Springer (2007), PDF via MacTutor. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/BEA/ulugh_beg_bea.pdf — interest in astronomy by 1411, possibly from a childhood visit to the Maragha observatory remains; madrasa founded 1417 with mathematics and astronomy among the main subjects, Qadi Zada and later Kashi; Kashi's letters (seminars, calculations on horseback); observatory founded 1420, about 46 m diameter, three stories about 30 m; Fakhri sextant radius 40 m; collaboration of Qadi Zada, Kashi and Qushji acknowledged in the Zij; obliquity 23°30'17" (actual 23°30'48"); precession 51.4" (actual 50.2"); sine table to about nine decimals per arc minute 0–87°; 1437 star catalogue the only large-scale original star observations in the medieval Islamic realm; observatory worked a little over 30 years, destroyed by the 16th century, covered by earth; Vyatkin 1908 recovered the sextant's underground part (80° to 57°); Zij used until the 19th century, translations into Arabic and Turkish, reworkings incl. Delhi, parts published in 17th-century England; influence on Jai Singh's masonry observatories in five Indian cities incl. Jaipur and Delhi.
T. N. Kari-Niazov, "Ulugh Beg", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons (2008), PDF via MacTutor. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/DSB/Ulugh_Beg.pdf — title means "great prince", original name Muhammad Taragay; from 1409 ruler of Maverannakhr; observatory four years after the 1420 madrasa; location found by V. L. Vyatkin in 1908; Fakhri sextant in a trench about 2 m wide along the meridian, marble-faced walls; radius 40.04 m, largest instrument of its type; 70.2 cm per degree, 1 mm = 5"; used for noon solar altitude, obliquity, latitude, year length; star catalogue of 1,018 stars, partly from new Samarkand observations and partly from al-Sufi.

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