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Al-Jazari ki machine: pani, pahiye aur kamal ki karigari

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Aaj ki kisi factory mein jayen to har taraf pahiye, dandane dar garyan, valve aur ghoomte hue dhure nazar aate hain. In purzon ki kahani bahut purani hai, aur is ka ek roshan baab aath sau saal pehle likha gaya, jab ek engineer ne pachas machinon ki ek aisi kitab likhi jis mein har machine ki tasveer bhi thi aur ise banane ka tareeqa bhi. Is engineer ka naam al-Jazari (al-Jazari) tha.

Amid ka engineer

In ka poora naam Badi-uz-Zaman Abul Izz Ismail bin al-Razzaz al-Jazari tha. Engineer aur historian Donald R. Hill (Donald R. Hill), jinhon ne in ki kitab ka angrezi tarjuma kiya, likhte hain ke "Badi-uz-Zaman" ka matlab hai "zamane ka nadir", aur "al-Jazari" ki nisbat in ke watan al-Jazira ki taraf hai, yaani Dajla aur Furaat ke balai hisson ke darmiyan ka ilaqa.

New York ke Metropolitan Museum of Art ke mutabiq al-Jazari 1136 se 1206 tak zinda rahe. Unhon ne apni kitab Amid ke hukmran Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud ke liye likhi, jo Artuqi khandan se the aur 1201 se 1222 tak hukmran rahe. Amid aaj Turkey ka shehar Diyarbakir (Diyarbakir) hai. Holland ki Leiden University Library ke mutabiq al-Jazari ne apni poori amali zindagi isi khandan ki mulazmat mein guzari, aur in ki kitab 1206 mein mukammal hui.

Pachas machinon ki kitab

Kitab ka arabi naam "Kitab fi Marifat al-Hiyal al-Handasiya" hai, jise angrezi mein "The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices" (The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices) kaha jata hai. Metropolitan Museum ke mutabiq is mein pachas mechanical aalat bayan hue hain.

Hill ke 1974 mein shaya hone wale tarjume ki fehrist se kitab ki tarteeb saaf nazar aati hai. Yeh chhe hisson mein hai. Pehle hisse mein das gharyan hain, jin mein pani se chalne wali gharyan bhi hain aur mom batti se chalne wali bhi. Doosre hisse mein dawaton mein mashroob pesh karne wale bartan aur khudkar mujassame hain. Teesre mein haath dhulane ke khudkar jug aur fasd ke dauran khoon ki miqdar napne wale tasht hain. Chauthe mein fawware aur musalsal bajne wali bansuriyan hain. Panchwen hisse mein pani upar uthane ki paanch machine hain, aur chhathe mein Mutafarriq cheezen, jaise Amid ke mahal ke liye dhale hue pital ka darwaza, ek zawiya pema, aur ek tala jo huroof ke ek khas majmue se khulta tha.

Haathi ghari

Kitab ki sab se mashhoor machine haathi ghari hai. Hill ke tarjume mein is par ek poora baab hai, aur Metropolitan Museum ke mutabiq is baab mein ghari ko jodne ki tafseeli hidayat bhi shamil hain.

Museum ke paas is kitab ke 1315 mein tayyar hone wale ek nuskhe ka woh waraq hai jis par haathi ghari ki tasveer hai. Museum ke mutabiq har aadhe ghante baad haathi par baitha mahawat haathi ko apna ankus marta, upar gumbad par parinda ghoomta, aur ek baaz ki chonch se ek goli nikal kar azhdahe ke munh mein jati. Azhdaha yeh goli ek bartan mein girata, jahan woh ek ghanti se takrati aur neeche ek pyale mein jama ho jati. Pyale mein jama goliyon ko gin kar waqt maloom kiya jata tha.

Museum yeh bhi batata hai ke al-Jazari ki kitab ke kam az kam chaudah nuskhe aaj tak mehfooz hain. In mein sab se purana 1206 ka hai, yaani isi saal ka jab kitab mukammal hui.

Pani uthane ki machine aur crank

Kheton aur baghon ko pani dena is zamane ka bara masla tha. Hill ke tarjume mein pani uthane wali paanch machinon ke naam hi in ka kaam bata dete hain. Ek machine mein janwar ek bazu ghuma kar talab se pani upar pahunchata hai. Ek mein bartanon ki ek na khatam hone wali zanjeer pani uthati hai. Ek mein janwar garyon ke zariye ek crank (crank) ghumata hai jo ek dol ko upar neeche karta hai. Aur aakhri machine ek pump hai jise pani ka pahiya chalata hai.

Crank woh purza hai jo gol harkat ko aage peechhe ki harkat mein badalta hai, ya is ke ulta. Historian of Technology Ahmad Yusuf al-Hassan likhte hain ke 1206 mein al-Jazari ki pani uthane wali do machinon mein crank aur jodne wali salakh (connecting rod) ka poora nizam mojood tha. Chauthi machine mein janwar garyon ke zariye ek ufuqi dhura ghumata hai jis par crank laga hai, aur panchwin machine ek pump hai jo kheench kar pani uthata hai.

Pehli baar kya?

"Sab se pehle" ke dawe ehtiyat mangte hain, is liye yahan sirf woh baat darj hai jo ek namwar muhaqqiq ne khud kahi. University of California, Los Angeles ke Historian of Technology Lynn White (Lynn White Jr.) ne Hill ke tarjume ke dibache mein likha ke dandon wali adhoori garyan (segmental gears) pehli baar wazeh taur par al-Jazari ke haan nazar aati hain, jabke Europe mein yeh 1364 mein mukammal hone wali Giovanni de Dondi ki falakiyati ghari mein milti hain. White ke mutabiq al-Jazari ki kitab mein band sanchon mein ret ke zariye dhaat dhalne ka pehla wazeh bayan bhi milta hai, aur in ki tasveeron mein makhrooti valve bhi dikhai dete hain.

Aaj ki duniya mein al-Jazari

Al-Jazari ki asal meeras koi ek machine nahin balke in ka tareeqa-e-kaar hai: machine banao, ise aazmao, aur phir is ka har purza itni wazahat se likho ke koi aur ise dobara bana sake. Aaj engineering ki har drawing aur har technical dasti kitab isi usool par chalti hai.

Metropolitan Museum ke mutabiq 1315 ka nuskha Mamluk daur ki musawwari ke behtareen namoonon mein shumar hota hai, aur is ke waraq aaj Metropolitan Museum ke ilawa America ke Smithsonian idare ki Freer Gallery mein bhi mehfooz hain. Yoon Amid ke ek karkhane mein sochi gayi machine aaj bhi yaad dilati hain ke pani, pahiya aur soch mil kar kitna kuchh kar sakte hain.

Makhaz

Francesca Leoni, catalogue entry for "The Elephant Clock", Folio from a Book of the Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices by al-Jazari, dated 715 AH/1315 CE, accession 57.51.23, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (in Ekhtiar et al. 2011). https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/451402 — al-Jazari 1136–1206; composed for the Artuqid ruler of Amid (Diyarbakir), Nasir al-Din Mahmud (r. 1201–22); fifty mechanical devices; the clock chapter includes detailed assembly instructions; elephant clock sequence every half hour and time read by counting balls; at least fourteen copies survive; oldest copy made in 1206; 1315 copy among the finest Mamluk paintings, folios also in the Freer and Sackler Galleries (Smithsonian).
Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari, The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, translated and annotated by Donald R. Hill, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1974 (Springer book page and free front matter). https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-010-2573-7 — full name and meaning of Badi' al-Zaman and al-Jazari (al-Jazira); six categories and the 50 device chapters (10 clocks, drinking vessels and figures, pitchers and basins incl. phlebotomy, fountains and perpetual flutes, five water-raising machines, miscellaneous incl. brass door at Amid, protractor, combination lock); chapter on the elephant water-clock; water-raising machine with crank driven through gears by an animal; pump driven by a water-wheel.
Lynn White Jr., Foreword to Hill (1974), in the same front matter. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-010-2573-7 — segmental gears first clearly appear in al-Jazari, in the West in de' Dondi's astronomical clock finished in 1364; first unequivocal description of casting in closed mould-boxes with green sand; conical valves shown in al-Jazari's pictures. White's UCLA affiliation from Hill's acknowledgements.
Arnoud Vrolijk, "Tricks and Treats: Medieval Machines from the Middle East", Leiden Special Collections Blog, Leiden University Libraries (15 February 2022). https://leidenspecialcollectionsblog.nl/articles/tricks-and-treats-medieval-machines-from-the-middle-east — worked at Amid (Diyarbakir) for the Artuqids all his working life; book completed 1206; Hill's English translation 1974.
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, "The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine: Earliest Application in 1206 by Al-Jazari", History of Science and Technology in Islam. https://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes3.html — in 1206 the crank-connecting rod system was fully developed in two of al-Jazari's water-raising machines; fourth machine animal-driven through gears turning a horizontal axle with a crank; fifth a suction pump.

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