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Wadi-e-Sindh ke baat, naap tol ka pehla yaksan nizam

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 6 minute ka mutalia

Bazar mein dukandar tarazu ke ek palre mein cheez aur doosre mein baat rakhta hai, aur hum bila jhijhak qeemat ada kar dete hain. Yeh aitemad is yaqeen par khara hai ke ek kilo har dukan par ek hi kilo hai. Yeh yaqeen paida karne ki sab se purani aur hairat angez koshishon mein se ek hamari apni zameen par hui. Taqriban sarhe char hazar saal pehle Wadi-e-Sindh ki tehzeeb ne pathar ke aise baat banaye jo sainkron meel phaile shehron aur dehaat mein ek hi miyar par pooray utarte the.

Chhote chokor pathar

Mohenjo Daro ki ibtidai khudaiyon mein mohron, bartanon aur zewarat ke sath ek khas cheez baar baar mili: chaqmaq jaise sakht pathar (chert) ke chhote chhote muka’ab. Yeh Wadi-e-Sindh ke baat the. Mahir-e-asar Jonathan Mark Kenoyer (Jonathan Mark Kenoyer), jo Harappa ki jadeed khudaiyon se wabasta rahe hain, likhte hain ke Harappai daur, yaani taqriban 2600 se 1900 qabl maseeh, ki pehchan hi bade shehr, tehreer aur miyari awzan o paimane hain.

Kenoyer ke mutabiq Wadi-e-Sindh ki har khudai shuda basti se aise muka’ab baat mile hain aur sab ek hi miyari nizam ke mutabiq hain. Bhari baat sirf bade tijarati marakiz, jaise Chanhudaro, ya Mohenjo Daro aur Harappa jaise bade shehron mein mile, magar chhote baton ke poore set zyada tar dehi bastiyon mein bhi maujood the. Un ke ilawa aqeeq aur yashab ke kate hue gol baat bhi milte hain jo isi nizam ke mutabiq hain.

Dugna karne ka hisab

In baton ki sab se dilchasp baat un ka hisab hai. Kenoyer batate hain ke pehle saat baat har qadam par dugne hote jate hain: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 aur 64. Sab se chhota maloom baat taqriban 0.871 gram ka hai aur sab se aam baat "16" wala hai, jis ka wazan lag bhag 13.7 gram hai. Is ke baad nizam ashari ho jata hai aur agle baat 160, 200, 320 aur 640 ki nisbat rakhte hain, phir 1600 se 12,800 tak. Mohenjo Daro se milne wala sab se bhari baat 10,865 gram ka hai, yaani taqriban gyarah kilo.

Yeh ikai kahan se aayi? Kenoyer ke khayal mein is ka talluq "gunja" yaani rati ke surkh beej se ho sakta hai, jo aaj bhi Pakistan aur Bharat ke sunar istemal karte hain. Ek beej ka ausat wazan taqriban 0.109 gram hai aur aath beej mil kar sab se chhote baat ke barabar ho jate hain. Taham woh yeh bhi likhte hain ke mumkin hai asal hisab jau ya daal ke danon se lagaya gaya ho.

Sikkon ki tareekh par likhne wale muhaqqiq Robert Tye (Robert Tye) Oriental Numismatic Society ke jaride mein mahir A. S. Hemmy (A. S. Hemmy) ke tajzie ka hawala dete hain: Wadi-e-Sindh ke maqamat se 1,500 se zyada baat mile, un ki bunyadi ikai taqriban 13.71 gram nikli, aur yeh miyar ek hazar saal se zyada arse tak bamushkil badla.

Eentein bhi ek hi naap ki

Naap tol ka yeh yaksan zehn sirf baton tak mehdood nahin tha. Kenoyer likhte hain ke gharon mein umooman 7×14×28 centimeter ki eent aur shehr ki deewaron mein 10×20×40 centimeter ki eent lagti thi. Donon ki motai, chorai aur lambai mein 1:2:4 ki ek hi nisbat hai, aur Harappai daur mein yeh nisbat tamam bastiyon mein aam ho gayi. Kenoyer ki raye mein yeh yaksaniyat kisi sarkari farman se zyada memaron ki is riwayat ka nateeja thi jo nasl dar nasl aur basti basti phailti gayi.

Yeh baat kis kaam aate the?

Zyada tar mahireen ne farz kiya ke yeh baat bazar mein kharid o farokht ke liye the. Kenoyer ek aur imkan bhi samne rakhte hain: mahsool wusooli. Harappa ki haliya khudaiyon mein sab se zyada baat shehr ke darwaze ke andar mile, jahan bahar se aane wale maal ko tola aur us par mahsool liya jata hoga. Un ke mutabiq chhote baat qeemti pattharon, dhatoon, khushbuon aur dawaon ke liye mauzoon the aur bade baat ghalle ke liye.

Kenoyer yeh bhi likhte hain ke Wadi-e-Sindh ke miyari baat qadeem duniya mein munfarid the aur Mesopotamia ya Misr ke kisi raij nizam se mel nahin khate. Yeh baat Oman ke sahil tak mile hain, aur Mesopotamia mein milne wale Sindhi baat aur mohrein wahan Sindh ke tajiron ki maujoodgi ki gawahi dete hain. Jab Sindh ke bade shehr zawal ka shikar hue to mohron ki tarah yeh chert ke baat bhi ghayab ho gaye.

Rati se sikkon tak

Magar hisab khatam nahin hua. Kenoyer ke mutabiq Wadi-e-Sindh ke awzan aur baad ke tareekhi daur ke awzan ke darmiyan gehra talluq hai, aur yehi nizam un thappedar sikkon mein bhi milta hai jo baad mein barre-saghir mein aam hue. Robert Tye yeh tasalsul Al-Biruni ke zamane tak le jate hain, jin ki bayan kardah ikai bhi taqriban 13.7 gram ke isi miyar par baithti hai.

Aaj jab Karachi, Quetta ya Lahore ka koi sunar sona tolte hue rati ka hisab lagata hai to woh anjaane mein ek aisi riwayat ko aage barha raha hota hai jis ki jarrein Mohenjo Daro aur Harappa ki galiyon mein hain. Ek chhota sa chokor pathar, jo sarhe char hazar saal pehle kisi karigar ne tarasha, dar asal ek bade khayal ki alamat tha: insaf ka pehla qadam yeh hai ke sab ke liye tarazu ek ho.

Makhaz

Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, Oxford University Press / American Institute of Pakistan Studies, Karachi, 1998 (chs. 1, 3 and 5, and catalogue no. 40). Archive.org record: https://archive.org/details/ancientcitiesofi0000keno — Harappa Phase c. 2600–1900 BC defined by standardized weights and measures; cubical chert weights at all sites; heavy weights only at Chanhudaro, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa; binary then decimal ratios; smallest 0.871 g, commonest ≈13.7 g, heaviest from Mohenjo-daro 10,865 g; gunja seed (0.109 g) still used by jewellers in Pakistan and India; brick sizes and 1:2:4 ratio; market and taxation interpretations, concentration inside Harappa gateway; weights unique in the ancient world, found in Oman and attesting merchants in Mesopotamia; disappearance after the urban phase; link to Early Historic weights and punch-marked coins.
Robert Tye, "Coins, Weights, and the Arthashastra", Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society no. 241, Autumn 2020, from p. 3. https://www.orientalnumismaticsociety.org/archive/ONS_241.pdf — more than 1,500 Indus weights, c. 2600–1500 BCE; Hemmy's primary unit of 13.71 g, stable for over 1,000 years; continuity of a c. 13.7 g unit to Alberuni's time.
Joshua J. Mark, "Indus Valley Civilization", World History Encyclopedia, 2020. https://www.worldhistory.org/Indus_Valley_Civilization/ — standardized bricks and standard stone cubes for weights across Indus sites; Mature Harappan dates.
Zunkir, "Poids cubiques harappeens – BM" (photograph of chert cubical weights from Mohenjo-daro, British Museum), Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poids_cubiques_harapp%C3%A9ens_-_BM.jpg — image; caption states Mohenjo-daro, Mature Harappan, c. 2600–1900 BC.
"Indus Valley Civilisation", Wikipedia (pointer). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation — overview of Harappan weights and measures and of the debate on how uniform they were.

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