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Ainak: do sheeshe jinhon ne parhne ki umar barha di

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Chalis paintalis baras ki umar ke baad aksar logon ko akhbar ke bareek huroof dhundle lagne lagte hain. Woh akhbar ko aankhon se door karte jate hain, yahan tak ke bazu chhote par jate hain. Aaj is ka hal bohat aasan hai: parhne ki ek ainak. Magar saat sau saal pehle tak katib, alim, sunar aur darzi, sab is umar mein pahunch kar apna bareek kaam aahista aahista chhor dete the. Ainak ne yeh tasveer badal di.

Ainak se pehle: parhne ka pathar

Sheeshe ya balor ke ubhre hue tukre se cheezen bari nazar aati hain, yeh baat ainak se bohat pehle maloom thi. Muarrikh Vincent Ilardi (Vincent Ilardi) ne 2007 mein American Philosophical Society ki shaya karda apni kitab "Renaissance Vision" mein likha hai ke is tarah ke ubhre hue tukre, jinhein "parhne ke pathar" (reading stones) kaha jata tha, ainak ki ijad se pehle bhi aur baad mein bhi istemal hote rahe. Inhein kitab ke safhe par rakh kar huroof bare kar ke parhe jate the.

Ilardi ke mutabiq 1300 mein Italy ke shehr Venice mein balor ka kaam karne walon ke qawaid mein "parhne ke pattharon" ka baqaida zikr milta hai, aur sath hi "aankhon ke liye gol tukron" ka bhi. Un ke khayal mein yeh shayad pehli wazeh tehriri tameez hai: ek taraf sadiyon purane mohaddab adse, aur doosri taraf ek nayi cheez jo aankhon ke samne rakhi jati thi.

1306 ki gawahi

Ainak ki ijad ki tareekh ka sab se aham saboot ek taqreer ke chand jumle hain. Ilardi ke mutabiq 23 February 1306 ko Italy ke shehr Florence mein is zamane ke mashhoor muqarrir Giordano da Pisa (Giordano da Pisa) ne apne samaeen se kaha ke ainak banane ka fan daryaft hue abhi bees saal bhi nahin hue, ke yeh duniya ke behtareen aur sab se zaroori funoon mein se hai, aur yeh ke unhon ne khud is shakhs ko dekha hai aur is se baat ki hai jis ne ise sab se pehle banaya.

Isi bayan se hisab laga kar ijad ki tareekh taqriban 1286 eswi samjhi jati hai. Ilardi ke mutabiq muarrikh Edward Rosen (Edward Rosen) ne tamam daawon ka tafseeli jaiza le kar yeh nateeja nikala tha ke pehli ainak ghalihan Pisa mein ya is ke qareeb rehne wale kisi karigar ne banai. Moujid ka naam aaj tak maloom nahin. Pisa ki ek purani tareekh mein albatta Alessandro della Spina (Alessandro della Spina) nami ek hunarmand ka zikr hai, jis ne kisi aur ki banai hui ainak dekh kar khud banana seekha aur yeh fan doosron ko bhi sikha diya.

Yahan ek ikhtilaf bhi hai: Ilardi batate hain ke baaz muhaqqiqin ke mutabiq yeh fan Venice se Pisa pahuncha tha. Britain mein aankhon ke mahireen ke idare College of Optometrists (College of Optometrists) ka kehna hai ke is par umoomi ittefaq hai ke ainak terhvin sadi mein shumali Italy mein ijad hui.

Pehli ainak kaisi thi

College of Optometrists ke mutabiq sab se pehli ainak mein do adse alag alag frame mein jure hote the, aur dono frames ke daste ek keel (rivet) se jor diye jate the. Is ki kamaniyan nahin thin. Ise naak par dono frames ke darmiyan daba kar tikaya jata tha, aur pehenne wala umooman hath se bhi sahara deta tha. Ilardi ke mutabiq frame dhat ya haddi ke hote the.

In adson ki shakal kya thi? Ilardi ke mutabiq shuru ke record ainak ko buzurgon se jorte hain, is liye yeh nateeja nikala jata hai ke pehle adse mohaddab (convex) the, yani beech se ubhre hue. Yeh adse qareeb ki nazar ki is kamzori ko door karte hain jo umar ke sath aati hai aur jise tib mein presbyopia (presbyopia) kehte hain.

Aisi ibtidai ainakon ke asal namoone bohat kam bache hain. Ilardi ke mutabiq 1953 mein Germany ke gaon Wienhausen (Wienhausen) mein ek khudai mein lakri ke do mukammal frame, doosre frames ke tukre aur saat adse mile, jo chaudahvin sadi ke bataye jate hain.

Door ki nazar ke liye muqaar adsa

Jo log door ki cheezen saaf nahin dekh sakte, unhein aisa adsa chahiye jo beech se daba hua ho, yani muqaar (concave). Ilardi likhte hain ke yeh manna mushkil hai ke pandrahvin sadi tak kisi ko yeh khayal na aaya ho, magar is se pehle ka koi record nahin mila. Un ke mutabiq muqaar adson ka pehla yaqeeni tehriri zikr 1458 mein mukammal hone wali ek Latin tehrir mein milta hai.

Is ke chand saal baad ka ek dilchasp saboot Milan ke hukmarano ka ek khat hai. Ilardi ke mutabiq October 1462 mein unhon ne Florence se ainaken mangwain, aur in mein ek darjan ainaken "naujawanon ki door ki nazar" ke liye thin, yani muqaar adson wali. Isi daur mein Florence ke karigar parhne ki ainaken tees se sattar baras ki umar ke liye panch panch saal ke waqfe se mukhtalif taqaton mein bana rahe the. Ilardi ise taqriban nuskhe ke mutabiq bani ainaken kehte hain.

Kamaniyan aur aaj ki ainak

Kanon par tikne wali kamaniyan bohat baad mein aain. College of Optometrists ke mutabiq atharahvin sadi mein London ke ainak saz Edward Scarlett (Edward Scarlett) ko jadeed tarz ki ainak tayyar karne ka sehra diya jata hai, jo kamaniyon ke sahare tikti thi. Isi sadi ke aakhir tak do hisson wale adse bhi dastiyab ho gaye the, jin ka upar ka hissa door aur neeche ka qareeb dekhne ke liye hota hai.

Aaj Quetta ho ya Lahore, har bazar mein ainak saz ki dukan milti hai, jahan aankhon ka muaina kar ke har shakhs ke liye alag number ka adsa banaya jata hai. Yeh sab isi sada khayal ki taraqqi yafta soorat hai jo taqriban saat sau saal pehle Italy ke ek gumnam karigar ko soojha tha: do sheeshe, ek keel, aur parhne ke mazeed kai saal.

Makhaz

Vincent Ilardi, Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes, Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society vol. 259, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2007, archive.org scan. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_peIL7hVQUmwC — reading stones (beryl/crystal) used before and after the invention; Venetian crystal-workers' regulations of 1300 listing "disks for eyes" and "stones for reading"; Giordano da Pisa in Florence, 23 February 1306: "not yet twenty years" since the art of making eyeglasses was found, one of the best and most necessary arts, he saw and spoke with the first maker; Rosen's conclusion: invented around 1286 most likely by a craftsman at or near Pisa, convex disks in metal or bone rims joined by a rivet; della Spina learned to make them and shared the craft; Venetian claim that the invention reached Pisa from Venice; first lenses inferred convex for presbyopia; Wienhausen dig (1953): two complete frames, fragments and seven lenses, 14th century; first definite written mention of concave lenses for myopia in a treatise completed 1458; Milan order of October 1462 incl. a dozen pairs "distant vision for the young"; Florentine lenses graded in five-year steps for ages 30 to 70, "practically prescription lenses".
The College of Optometrists, "History of spectacles". https://www.college-optometrists.org/history-of-spectacles — earliest spectacles generally agreed to have been invented in Northern Italy in the thirteenth century; rivet spectacles, two mounted lenses riveted at the handle ends, no sides, held by clamping the nose and supported by hand; convex lenses for presbyopia; London optician Edward Scarlett credited with the modern style with temples in the 18th century; bifocals available by the end of the 18th century.

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