Sultan Sanjar: Merv ka Seljuk sultan aur uska gumbad

Turkmenistan ke qadeem shehar Merv (Merv) ke khandrat mein eenton ka ek buland murabba maqbara khara hai jis par ek bara gumbad hai. Yeh Seljuk sultan Sanjar (Sanjar) ka maqbara hai, jinhon ne pehle Khurasan ke matehat sultan ki haisiyat se aur phir 1118 se 1157 tak poori Seljuk saltanat ke "Sultan-e-Azam" ki haisiyat se hukumat ki. Encyclopaedia Iranica ke mutabiq Mongolon se pehle ke daur mein kisi Muslim hukmran ne un se ziyada taweel arsa hukumat nahin ki.

Paidaish aur naam

Iranica ke mutabiq Sanjar ghaliban 1086 mein Sham aur Al-Jazira ki sarhad par waqe qasbe Sinjar mein paida hue (ek riwayat 1084 batati hai). Woh Seljuk sultan Malik Shah awwal ke bete the, aur un ki walida usi saal Malik Shah ki maghribi muhim mein un ke sath thin. Qadeem makhaz kehte hain ke un ka naam jaye paidaish ke naam par rakha gaya, magar mourakh Bosworth ke mutabiq "Sanjar" ek Turkey naam hai jis ka matlab hai "chhed dene wala". Un ka asal naam Ahmad tha.

Khurasan ke sultan

Seljukon mein yeh Turkey riwayat thi ke saltanat ke soobe khandan ke mukhtalif afrad ko diye jate aur sab ek Sultan-e-Azam ke matehat hote. Iranica ke mutabiq isi riwayat ke tehat 1097 mein, jab Sanjar abhi kam umar the, un ke sautele bhai Barkiyaruq ne unhein ek ataliq ki nigrani mein Khurasan ka matehat sultan muqarrar kiya. Malik Shah ki wafat ke baad ke barson mein saltanat jaanasheeni ke jhagron mein uljhi rahi, aur Sanjar ne un mein apne sage bhai Muhammad Tapar ka sath diya.

Khurasan ke hakim ki haisiyat se Sanjar ne parosi riyasaton par Seljuk baaladasti qaim ki. Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne Mawara-un-Nahr ke Qarakhani hukmranon aur Ghaznavi riyasat ko apna matehat banaya, aur 1117 mein Ghazni mein dakhil ho kar wahan apna namzad hukmran bithaya. Iranica ke mutabiq un ka tareeqa yeh tha ke harne wale khandan hi ke kisi aise shahzade ko hukmran banate jo Seljuk khandan se bhi rishta rakhta ho.

Sultan-e-Azam

1118 mein Muhammad Tapar ka intiqal hua to un ke bete Mahmud ko Baghdad mein sultan bana diya gaya. Iranica ke mutabiq Turkey riwayat yeh thi ke khandan ki sarbarahi sab se bare zinda mard ko mile, aur isi bunyad par Sanjar ne daawa kiya. 1119 mein un ki kamyabi ke baad woh Seljuk saltanat ke bila shirkat-e-ghair Sultan-e-Azam ban gaye, aur unhon ne Mahmud ko maghribi ilaqon mein apna matehat sultan muqarrar kar diya.

Iranica ke mutabiq makhaz Sanjar ko aisa hukmran qarar dete hain jis ne apne walid Malik Shah ki saltanat ko na sirf dobara munazzam kiya balke wusat bhi di. Un ka markaz Merv tha. UNESCO ke mutabiq Merv gyarahveen aur barahveen sadi mein azeem Seljuk saltanat ka darul hukumat raha, aur isi daur mein is shehar ke fan-e-tameer, science aur saqafat ne poore khitte par asar dala.

Aman, khushhali aur shayari

Iranica ke mutabiq Muslim makhaz Sanjar ke daur ko sunehra zamana qarar dete hain, aur un ka daur aman aur khushhali ke liye yaad kiya jata tha. Khurasan is zamane mein mashriqi Islami duniya ka sab se khushhal aur abad soba tha.

Yeh daur Farsi adab ke liye bhi aham tha. Iranica ke mutabiq Farsi adab ki kai bari shakhsiyat Sanjar ke darbar se wabasta rahin: Amir-ul-Shuara Mu'izzi, "Chahar Maqala" ke musannif Nizami Arudi Samarqandi, aur qaseede ke bare shayar Anwari. Iranica unhein Sanjar ke daur ke saqafati urooj ke gawah qarar deta hai.

Aakhri baras

Sanjar ke daur ka doosra hissa mushkil sabit hua. Iranica ke mutabiq un ki zindagi mein sirf do fauji shikasten aayin aur dono aakhri daur mein. Pehli 1141 mein Samarqand ke qareeb Qatwan ke maidan mein Qara Khitay (Qara Khitay) ke hathon hui, jis ke baad Mawara-un-Nahr Seljukon ke hath se nikal gaya. Is ke bawajood Khurasan par un ka ikhtiyar barqarar raha.

Doosri shikast 1153 mein khud Seljukon ke hum nasl Oghuz (Ghuz) qabail ke hathon hui. Iranica ke mutabiq Sanjar aur un ki malika sarhe teen baras un ki qaid mein rahe, aur is dauran Khurasan ke shehron ko shadeed nuqsan pahuncha. 1156 ke mausam-e-khizan mein Sanjar qaid se nikal aaye.

Wafat

Iranica ke mutabiq rihai ke taqriban chhe mah baad, 1157 ke mausam-e-bahar mein, Sanjar ka Merv mein intiqal hua; Britannica tareekh-e-wafat 8 May 1157 batata hai. Britannica ke mutabiq woh Iran mein aakhri haqiqi Seljuk sultan the, aur Iranica likhta hai ke un ki wafat ke sath azeem Seljuk saltanat amalan khatam ho gayi.

Maqbara-e-Sultan Sanjar

Sanjar ko Merv ke quron-e-wusta ke shehar "Sultan Qala" mein dafan kiya gaya. UNESCO ke mutabiq un ka maqbara asal mein ek bare tameeraati majmue ka hissa tha. Eenton ki nafees kari, gach mein kanda naqsh o nigar aur ab tak baqi deewari tasaweer ki wajah se UNESCO ise Seljuk daur ke numayan tareen tameeraati karnamon mein shumar karta hai. UNESCO ke mutabiq Sultan Qala ki faseel gyarahveen sadi mein bani aur shehar aur qile ki faseelein mil kar taqriban 12 kilometre lambi hain.

Yeh maqbara "Qadeem Merv" ke tareekhi park ka hissa hai, jise UNESCO ne Shahrah-e-Resham ke nakhlistani shehron mein sab se qadeem aur sab se behtar mahfooz shehar qarar de kar alami wirse mein shamil kiya hai.

Wirsa

Iranica ke mutabiq beeswin sadi ke bohat se mourakhin Sanjar ke bare mein bohat unchi raye nahin rakhte, magar Muslim makhaz unhein Seljuk salateen mein sab se bara qarar dete hain. Un ki shohrat ki bunyad un ka taweel daur, Khurasan ki khushhali aur un ke darbar ke shayar hain, aur un ki sab se numayan yadgar Merv ka woh gumbad hai jo aath sadiyon se ziyada guzarne ke baad bhi khara hai.