Sultan Muhammad Fateh: Constantinople ki fatah aur Usmani saltanat ki nayi bunyad

Pandrahvin sadi ke wasat tak ek hazar saal purani Byzantine saltanat sikar kar taqriban ek shehar tak mehdood ho chuki thi, magar woh shehar Constantinople tha: Europe aur Asia ke sangam par abad, tehri faseelon se ghira hua aur sadiyon se naqabil-e-taskheer samjha jane wala. 29 May 1453 ko ekeis saala Usmani sultan Muhammad sani (Mehmed II) ne yeh shehar fatah kar liya aur tareekh mein "Fateh" ke laqab se yaad kiye gaye. Un ke daur mein Usmani riyasat Anatolia aur Balkan ki ek badi saltanat ban gayi.

Ibtidai zindagi aur tarbiyat

Muhammad 30 March 1432 ko Edirne mein paida hue. Woh Sultan Murad sani (Murad II) ke teesre bete the. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq bachpan hi mein unhein Bahira-e-Aswad ke khitte ke shehar Amasya ka governor bana diya gaya, jahan shahi atalaiqon ne unhein deeniyat, tareekh aur mukhtalif zabanon ki taleem di. Isi daur mein un ke dil mein Constantinople ki fatah ki khwahish paida hui.

1444 mein Murad sani musalsal jangon aur apne pasandida bete Alauddin ki wafat se dil bardashta ho kar takht se dastbardar ho gaye aur barah saala Muhammad sultan bane. Magar jald hi Europe se ek nayi salibi muhim uthi. Wazir-e-azam Khalil Chandarli ke mashware par Murad sani wapas aaye aur 1444 mein Varna ki jang mein salibi lashkar ko shikast di. Kuch arse baad unhon ne dobara takht sambhal liya aur Muhammad apni taleem ki taraf laut gaye. 1451 mein Murad sani ka inteqal hua aur Muhammad dusri baar, ab mustaqil taur par, sultan bane.

Constantinople ka muhasira

Constantinople ki asal taqat us ki Theodosian faseelen thin. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq khushki ki taraf khandaq aur deewaron ki kai qataron wale is nizam ki andaruni deewar par chhiyanway burj bane the. Sultan Muhammad ne muhasire se pehle tayyari mein kai mah lagaye. Unhon ne European riyasaton se sulah ke muahide taza kiye, Gallipoli mein bahri bera tayyar kiya, aur 1452 mein Abnaye Bosphorus ke European kinare par Rumeli Hisar ka qila tameer karaya jo Asiai kinare par pehle se mojood Anadolu Hisar ke samne tha. Is tarah Bahira-e-Aswad se shehar ko aane wali rasad par Usmani girift mazboot ho gayi.

Is muhim ka ek aham hathiyar badi topen thin. Hungary ke top saaz Urban (Urban) ne yeh topen tayyar keen. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq sab se badi top taqriban nau meter lambi thi aur ise bharne aur thanda hone mein itna waqt lagta tha ke woh din mein sirf saat baar chal sakti thi.

April 1453 ke awail mein Usmani fauj shehar ke samne pahunchi aur 6 April ko hamle shuru hue. Usmani fauj ki tadad ke bare mein riwayat mukhtalif hain. Aini shahid Yunani muarrikh Sphrantzes ne do lakh ka zikr kiya, magar jadeed muarrikhin saath se assi hazar ki tadad ko zyada qarin-e-qayas samajhte hain. Doosri taraf shehenshah Constantine yazdahum (Constantine XI) ke paas, Sphrantzes ke mutabiq, paanch hazar se bhi kam sipahi the, jin ki qiyadat mein Genoa ke mahir-e-muhasira Giovanni Giustiniani (Giovanni Giustiniani) paish paish the.

Byzantiniyon ne Shakh-e-Zarreen (Golden Horn) ke dahane par ek badi zanjeer taan rakhi thi taake Usmani jahaz andar na aa saken. Is ka tor Sultan Muhammad ne yeh nikala ke taqriban sattar jahazon ko bailon ki madad se lakdi ke raste par khushki ke upar se kheench kar Shakh-e-Zarreen mein utaar diya. Is chaal se muhafizon par dabao barh gaya, kyunke ab muhafizon ko samundar ki taraf wali kamzor faseelon par bhi sipahi lagane pade.

29 May ki subah aakhri hamla teen lehron mein hua. Teesri lehar mein Yeni Cheri (Janissaries) dastay aage barhe. Giustiniani shadeed zakhmi ho kar maidan se hate to muhafizon ka housla toot gaya, aur shehenshah Constantine lar te hue mare gaye. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is riwayat ke tahat shehar mein loot mar hui aur badi tadad mein log mare gaye ya ghulam banaye gaye. Isi din sultan shehar mein dakhil hue aur Ayasofya ke girja ko masjid mein tabdeel karne ka hukm diya.

Naye darul-hukumat ki tameer

Fatah ke baad Constantinople Usmani saltanat ka darul-hukumat bana. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Usmani ise "Constantinople" hi kehte rahe aur "Istanbul" ka naam sarkari taur par bohat baad mein jamhuriya-e-Turkey ke daur mein apnaya gaya. Abadi dobara basane ke liye sultan ne Anatolia aur Balkan se mukhtalif naslon aur mazahib ke logon ko shehar mein la basaya. Unhon ne naya shahi mahal banwaya jo baad mein Topkapi mahal kehlaya, bara bazar (Grand Bazaar) qayam kiya aur apne naam se Fateh masjid aur is se mulhiq imaraten tameer karayin.

Mazhabi muamlat mein Sultan Muhammad ne ghair muslim raaya ko apne mazhab par amal ki ijazat di, jis ke badle woh jizya ada karte the. Unhon ne Yunani Orthodox kalisa ka naya sarbarah Gennadios (Gennadios) ko muqarrar kiya aur ise apni biradari par wasi ikhtiyarat diye.

Fatuhat ka silsila aur intezam

Constantinople ke baad bhi sultan ki Muhimmat jari rahin. 1456 mein Belgrade ke muhasire mein unhein nakami hui, magar 1459 tak Serbia Usmani saltanat mein shamil ho gaya. 1460 mein Morea (junubi Yunan) aur 1461 mein Trebizond fatah hua, jo Byzantine duniya ki aakhri nishani tha. 1463 se 1479 tak Venice se taweel jang lari gayi. 1480 mein Usmani fauj ne jazira Rhodes par hamla kiya jo nakam raha, jabke isi baras Italy ke sahili shehar Otranto par qabza hua. Unneesvin sadi ke British muarrikh Edward Creasy (Edward Creasy) ke mutabiq Otranto par qabze ke dauran shehar ki abadi ka bara hissa mara gaya.

Intezami taur par Sultan Muhammad ne hukumat ko markaziyat di. Wazir-e-azam ke ikhtiyarat kam kar ke doosre wuzara mein bante gaye, aur sultan ki sarbarahi mein Diwan yaani shahi council ke baqaida ijlas hone lage. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq qawaneen (qanun) ki tadween, jise umooman Suleiman azam se mansoob kiya jata hai, Muhammad Fateh ke daur mein hi shuru ho chuki thi.

Ilm o fun ki sarparasti

Sultan Muhammad bachpan se Yunani aur Romi adab parhte rahe aur zindagi bhar qalmi nuskhe jama karte rahe. Unhon ne shairon, adibon aur ulama ki sarparasti ki aur Europe aur Mashriq-e-Wusta se falsafiyon, mahireen-e-falkiyat aur musawwiron ko apne darbar mein bulaya. Venice ke musawwir Gentile Bellini (Gentile Bellini) ki banayi hui un ki tasveer aaj bhi mashhoor hai. Muarrikh John Freely ke mutabiq un ka darbar apni shaan mein European Renaissance ke shehzadon ke darbaron ka hum palla tha.

Aakhri ayyam

1481 ke mausam-e-bahar mein sultan ek nayi muhim par rawana hue jis ki manzil unhon ne kisi ko nahin batayi thi. Raste mein woh beemar hue aur 3 May 1481 ko inteqal kar gaye. Un ke bare bete Bayezid sani (Bayezid II) janasheen bane.

Muhammad Fateh ki fatah ne qurun-e-wusta ki ek hazar saala saltanat ka khatima kiya aur Constantinople ko ek nayi aur phailti hui saltanat ka markaz bana diya.