Wadi-e-Sindh ki tehzeeb aur Balochistan: Sutkagen Dor se Bolan tak

Atemad E-Magazine 16 October 2026 · 11 minute ka mutalia

Wadi-e-Sindh ki tehzeeb ka naam sun kar zehn mein Mohenjo Daro aur Harappa aate hain. Magar is tehzeeb ka maghribi kinara Balochistan mein tha, aur samandar tak pahunchta tha. Gwadar aur Pasni ke qareeb, Sonmiani ki khaari par, aur Loralai ke Thal ke maidan mein aise teelay hain jahan saarhe char hazar baras pehle wohi bartan bante the jo Mohenjo Daro mein bante the. Yeh baab inhi maqamat aur is tijarat ki kahani hai jo unhein Iraq tak jorti thi.

Aik angrez afsar, aik purana teela

Makuran mein darya-e-Dasht ke kinare, Iran ki sarhad ke qareeb, aik teela hai jise Sutkagen Dor kehte hain. 1870 ki dahai mein Gwadar mein tainaat british political assistant Major E. Mockler 1876 mein yahan se guzre, February 1877 mein khudai ki aur isi saal report shaya ki. Us waqt Wadi-e-Sindh ki tehzeeb daryaft hi nahin hui thi, is liye koi nahin jaanta tha ke yeh khandar kis zamane ke hain. January 1928 mein, apne 1927-28 ke daure ke dauran, Sir Aurel Stein yahan aaye aur apni report mein bartanon ki tasveerein aur teele ka naqsha shamil kiya. Ab wazeh hone laga ke Sutkagen Dor Harappa ki tehzeeb ki aik door daraz chowki hai.

1960: Onton par Makuran ka safar

Asal tehqeeq 1960 mein hui. Amriki mahir-e-asaar George Dales (George F. Dales) University of Pennsylvania ke museum ki madad se, Pakistan ke mehkama-e-asaar-e-qadeema ke ijazat-naame par, October aur November 1960 mein Makuran ke sahil ka survey karne nikle. Un ke saath Kyler Young, un ki ahliya Barbara, aur mehkame ke numainda Rafique Mughal the. Team Karachi se kashti par Gwadar pahunchi aur phir onton par safar karti hui 7 October ko Sutkagen Dor aayi.

Dales ne yahan taqriban do hafte kaam kiya aur chaar jagah aazmaishi khudai ki. Un ki report ke mutabiq yeh basti qudrati chattani ubharon par bani thi, jin ke beech mote tarashe hue pattharon ki bhaari faseel aik bare mustatil qile ko gheirti thi. Dales ki paimaish mein qile ki andruni chaurai mashriq se maghrib tak taqriban aik sau teen meter thi, aur mashriqi deewar buniyad par taqriban saarhe saat meter, yaani chaubees fut ke qareeb, moti thi. Qile ki maghribi deewar ke saath khodi gayi khandaq mein Dales ne saat adwar ki tarteeb parhi, aur andar mote tarashe pattharon ki deewarein milein jin ke saath sirf Harappa ke theekre the. Qile ke mashriq mein "nichle shehar" ki sath theekriyon se dhaki thi, magar wahan saarhe char meter gehri aazmaishi khudai mein sirf daryai mitti aur ret nikli.

Samandar kahan gaya?

Aaj Sutkagen Dor samandar se door hai: Stein ke mutabiq darya-e-Dasht ka dahana yahan se chhattis meel se ziyada neeche hai, aur mahir-e-asaar Jane McIntosh ise aaj ke sahil se paintees meel andar batati hain. Dales ne 1992 ki report mein likha ke aaj na Sutkagen Dor aur na Sotka Koh samandar ke itne qareeb hain ke unhein bandargah kaha ja sake, magar sahil ka ubharna, zalzale aur daryaon ke dahanon ka mitti se bhar jana shayad unhein qadeem zamane ke muqable mein samandar se door le gaye hain. McIntosh ke khayal mein Harappa ke zamane mein, jab samandar ki sath unchi thi, yeh bastiyan ghaliban sahil par ya us ke qareeb thin.

Sotka Koh ki daryaft

Isi safar ki sab se bari daryaft Pasni mein hui. Kalmati qabile ke sarbarah Mir Ahmad Khan Kalmati 6 November 1960 ko khud Dales ki team ke saath Pasni ke ilaqe ke survey par gaye. Unhon ne bataya tha ke un ki zameen par, Pasni ke shimal mein, aik bara qadeem maqam hai. Wahan pahunch kar team ne Sutkagen Dor jaisa aik bara ahata dekha jo Harappa ki theekriyon se dhaka tha. Yeh jagah Sotka Koh, yaani "jala hua pahar", Pasni se taqriban nau meel andar Shadi Kaur ki wadi mein hai. Dales ke mutabiq us ka ahata hajm aur shakl mein Sutkagen Dor ke qareeb hai aur dono ka mahal-e-wuqoo taqriban aik jaisa hai. McIntosh 2008 mein likhti hain ke is shehar ki khudai ab tak nahin hui.

Dales ne aik aham nukta yeh note kiya ke dono bastiyan un bari wadiyon mein hain jo sahil se andrun-e-mulk, Kech ki wadi tak rasta deti hain. Un ke khayal mein dono aisi jagahon par thin jahan se in wadiyon mein logon aur maal ki aamad o raft par nazar aur ikhtiyar rakha ja sakta tha. Shimal mein, jaisa ke pichle baab mein dekha, Kachhi ka maidan durra-e-Bolan ke bare raste par tha, jo Balochistan ke andruni ilaqon aur Quetta aur Kandahar ki wadiyon se hota hua Sistan, Afghanistan aur wasti Asia tak jata tha, aur isi maidan mein Nausharo ki basti aabad thi.

Balakot: Seep ki choorian

Makuran ke mashriqi sire par, Sonmiani ki khaari ke mashriqi kinare, Balakot ka teela hai. Dales ne 1973 se 1976 tak yahan khudai ki. Mahir-e-asaar Jonathan Mark Kenoyer ke mutabiq yeh taqriban 2.8 hectare ki basti hai jis ka teela maidan se taqriban das meter ooncha hai. Nichli tehein Harappa se pehle ki, chauthe hazare qabl masih ki hain, jinhein Dales ne arzi taur par "Balakotian" ka naam diya; aik taweel waqfe ke baad upar ki tehein pukhta Sindh daur ke logon ki hain.

Balakot ki khaas baat seep ki sanat hai. Kenoyer ne, jinhon ne apna pehla tajurba yahin Dales ke saath kiya tha, 1983 ke apne maqale mein likha ke yahan choorian do bilkul mukhtalif tareeqon se bantin. Shankh, jo isi sahil par aam milta hai, tambe ya kaansi ki aari se kata jata tha; jab ke "Tivela" naami bari seepi ko, jo qareebi retlay sahilon se milti thi, tor tor kar aur ghis kar das marhalon mein choori banai jati thi. Dilchasp baat yeh hai ke Tivela ki choorian Sindh ke bare shehron mein nahin milin, albatta Sutkagen Dor aur Sotka Koh mein mili hain, yaani yeh maghribi sahil ki apni pehchan thi.

Dabar Kot: Paharon mein aik bara teela

Sahil se door, us waqt ke Loralai zilai ki Duki tehsil mein, Thal ke maidan ke beech Dabar Kot ka teela hai. Aurel Stein ne February 1927 mein yahan aazmaishi khudai ki. Un ke mutabiq yeh teela khule maidan mein aik alag pahari ki tarah 113 fut ooncha hai aur us ki buniyad ka ghera taqriban aik meel hai. Stein ko yahan tambe aur patthar ke daur ke rangeen bartan, raakh aur jali haddiyon se bhare matke aur pakki eentoon ki aik naali mili. McIntosh ke mutabiq Dabar Kot se Sindh tehzeeb ke daur ke asaar bhi mile, aur dusre hazare qabl masih mein yeh basti zahiran chaar baar aag se tabah hui.

Mesopotamia tak

Yeh tijarat kahan tak jati thi? Dales likhte hain ke Mesopotamia ki mekhi tehreeron mein Dilmun, Magan aur Meluhha naami teen door daraz mulkon ka zikr hai jo lakri aur dhaton jaise khaam maal ke liye aham the. McIntosh ke mutabiq Meluhha Wadi-e-Sindh hi ka naam tha, aur Iraq mein Ur aur Kish se Sindhi rasm-ul-khat wali muhrein mili hain. Woh likhti hain ke teesre hazare qabl masih ki aakhri sadiyon mein yeh rishta barah-e-raast tha: Akkad ke badshah Sargon ke zamane tak Meluhha ke jahaz Mesopotamia ki bandargahon par langar daalte the, Meluhha ke kuch log Sumer mein aabad ho gaye, aur aik aise Mesopotami shakhs ki muhar mili hai jis par ise "Meluhha ka tarjuman" likha gaya hai. Dusri taraf is ka koi saboot nahin ke Sumeri ya Akkadi tajir Magan ke maghribi sahil se aage gaye hon, yaani yeh tijarat Harappa ke log khud chalate the. Makuran ka sahil isi samandari raste par parta tha, aur yehi Sutkagen Dor aur Sotka Koh ki ahmiyat hai. Taham Dales ne 1992 mein aitraf kiya ke is tijarat ke dono siron par tijarati saman bohat kam mila hai aur yeh baat unhein dahaiyon se khatakti rahi. Un ke mutabiq is sawal ka jawab Sindh aur khaleej dono khitton mein mazeed khudai hi se milega.

Zawal

Wadi-e-Sindh ki tehzeeb ka urooj taqriban 2500 se 1900 qabl masih bataya jata hai. McIntosh ke mutabiq Ur ki teesri saltanat ke khatme ke baad Dilmun, jis ka markaz ab jazeera-e-Bahrain tha, phir se aik bari mandi ban gaya. Un ke mutabiq yeh zawal achanak nahin tha balke 2000 se 1900 ya 1800 qabl masih ke dauran aahista aahista hua, aur markazi ilaqe ki aabadi ghati to Gujarat aur mashriqi ilaqon mein bastiyan barhin. Balochistan mein is zawal ki tasveer mukhtalif hai: jaisa ke pichle baab mein dekha, Kachhi ke maidan mein Pirak ki bari basti taqriban 1700 qabl masih mein aabad hui.

Dales ne 1992 mein umeed zahir ki thi ke Kech ki wadi mein Turbat ke qareeb Miri Kalat ki, jahan Harappa ke asaar mile hain, jald bare paimane par khudai ho. Yeh tajweez ab bhi Balochistan ke idaron aur jamiaat ke liye aik dawat hai.

Agle itwar: Kulli aur Nal: janubi paharon ki tehzeebein.

Makhaz

G. F. Dales and C. P. Lipo, Explorations on the Makran Coast, Pakistan: A Search for Paradise, Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 50, Berkeley, 1992: p. x (Mir Ahmad Khan Kalmati, Sotka Koh "on his property north of Pasni"), pp. ix–xii (team, University Museum support, Department of Archaeology, M. Rafique Mughal), pp. 2–4 (Mockler, Stein's "topographic plan of the site, and the publication of pottery and artifacts"; Magan, Meluhha, Dilmun; survey of October–November 1960), pp. 32–34 (arrival at Sutkagen Dor, Friday 7 October), pp. 106–110 (6 November 1960, discovery of Sotka Koh, "about nine miles inland from Pasni", "Burnt Hill", both sites in valleys giving access to the Kej Valley, "Neither was presently near enough to the sea to be called a seaport"), p. 135 (four test operations), pp. 138–139 (seven phases; east wall c. 7.5 m at base; lower-town sounding 4.5 m of sterile silt), p. 147 (interior width 103.3 m), p. 255 (Balakot, 1973–1976, "Balakotian"), p. 258 (Miri Qalat; scarcity of trade items; need for fieldwork). https://archive.org/details/explorationsatmakrancoastpakistanapardiselostgeorgedalesf.carllipop._584_y (e.g. p. 110: https://archive.org/details/explorationsatmakrancoastpakistanapardiselostgeorgedalesf.carllipop._584_y/page/n119)
A. Stein, An Archaeological Tour in Gedrosia, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 43, Calcutta, 1931: p. 56 (Mockler, Political Assistant at Gwadar), p. 60 (Mockler passed the site in 1876 and dug in February 1877; Stein's arrival, January 1928), p. 71 (the Dasht mouth "over 36 miles below Suktagen-dor"). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31867/page/n80 and /page/n95
A. Stein, An Archaeological Tour in Waziristan and Northern Baluchistan, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India 37, Calcutta, 1929: p. 55 (Dabar-kot in the Duki tahsil, Loralai; visit of 27 February 1927), p. 58 (cinerary pots). https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35549/page/n63
A. Stein, "An Archaeological Tour along the Waziristan Border", The Geographical Journal 71, 1928, pp. 377–380: p. 377 (tour of January–April 1927), p. 379 (Dabar-kot "a height of no less than 113 feet", nearly a mile round), p. 380 (brick drain). https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2344/page/n2
J. M. Kenoyer, Shell Working Industries of the Indus Civilization: An Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspective, PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1983: pp. 152–153 (Balakot site, 2.8 ha, 9.7 m mound, Period I in the 4th millennium BC; Turbinella pyrum common on this coast), p. 216 (hiatus and Mature Indus reoccupation), pp. 219–222 (sawn T. pyrum and chipped-and-ground Tivela damaoides bangles, ten stages of production), p. 225 (no Tivela bangles in the central Indus region; found at Sutkagen Dor and Sotka Koh). https://archive.org/details/shellworkingindustriesofinduscivilizationarchaeologicalethnographicperspectivejo_725_d/page/n187
J. R. McIntosh, The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, 2008: p. 32 (Dabarkot "yielded some Indus period remains"), p. 38 (gradual decline 2000–1900/1800 BCE), p. 97 (Dabarkot burned four times; Pirak founded c. 1700 BCE), p. 164 (Bolan route; Nausharo in the Kachi plain), p. 169 (direct sea trade; Sutkagen-dor "now 35 miles inland", walls "up to 24 feet thick", Sotka Koh unexcavated, sea level), pp. 182–184 (no Sumerian or Akkadian traders beyond Magan; Meluhhan ships at Mesopotamian ports by Sargon's time; "Su-i-li-su, Meluhha interpreter"; Meluhhans in Sumer; Harappan seals at Ur and Kish; Dilmun again an entrepot after the fall of Ur III), p. 412 (Mature Harappan c. 2500–1900 BCE). https://archive.org/details/ancientindusvalleynewperspectivesjanemcintoshr._586_T

Balochistan: Tareekh ka Safar: tamam tehreerein →