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Doorbeen: Do shishon se khulta aasman

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 6 minute ka mutalia

Hazaron baras tak insan ne aasman ko sirf apni aankhon se dekha. Chand ek chamakta gola tha, sayyare roshan nuqte, aur kehkashan ek dhundli safed patti. Phir satrahween sadi ke aaghaz mein do shishon wali ek sada nalki ne yeh sab badal diya. Chand hi mahinon mein chand par pahaar nazar aane lage, Mushtari ke gird chand ghoomte dikhai diye, aur maloom hua ke kehkashan dar asal be shumar sitaron ka jhurmut hai. Yeh nalki doorbeen thi.

Middelburg ki ainak saz dukan

BBC Sky at Night Magazine mein Dutch science musannif Govert Schilling (Govert Schilling) likhte hain ke doorbeen ka zikr karne wali qadeem tareen maloom dastawez ek darkhwast hai jis par 2 October 1608 ki tareekh darj hai. Yeh darkhwast Netherlands ke shehr Middelburg (Middelburg) ke ek ainak saz Hans Lipperhey (Hans Lipperhey) ne mulk ki hukumat ko di thi, aur is mein apne naye aale ke liye haq-e-ijad manga gaya tha.

Schilling ke mutabiq Lipperhey ka aala gatte ki ek sada nalki tha jis ke ek sire par mohaddab (bahar ko ubhra hua) adsa aur doosre sire par aankh ke paas muqaar (andar ko daba hua) adsa laga tha. Yeh cheezon ko taqriban teen guna bara dikhata tha. The Hague mein hukkam ke samne is ka muzahira itna kamyab raha ke Lipperhey ko teen bare aalat aur ek do aankhon wali doorbeen banane ka hukm mila, magar haq-e-ijad nahin diya gaya, kyunke yeh tarkeeb pehle hi kai logon ko maloom ho chuki thi.

Pehla moujid kaun tha, is par raye ek nahin: chand hafton baad Jacob Metius (Jacob Metius) ne bhi aisi hi ijad ka daava kiya, aur 1656 mein ek French musannif ne Zacharias Janssen (Zacharias Janssen) ka naam liya, jis ka Schilling ke mutabiq kabhi saboot nahin mila.

Padua ka professor

Italy ke shehr Pisa mein 1564 mein paida hone wale Galileo Galilei (Galileo Galilei) is zamane mein Padua University mein riyazi padhate the. St Andrews University ke MacTutor archive ke mutabiq 1609 mein unhein ek dost ke zariye khabar mili ke ek Dutch aadmi Venice mein door ki cheezen qareeb dikhane wala aala le kar aaya hai. Galileo ne is aale ka usool samjha aur khud banane baith gaye.

Un ki pehli doorbeen taqriban char guna bara dikhati thi. MacTutor likhta hai ke unhon ne apne adse khud ghisaye aur chamkaye, aur August 1609 tak aath nau guna bara dikhane wali doorbeen bana li. Venice ki hukumat ke samne is ka muzahira hua to hukkam bahut mutasir hue.

Florence ke Museo Galileo (Museo Galileo) mein Galileo ki banai hui ek doorbeen aaj bhi mehfooz hai. Ajaib ghar ki fehrist ke mutabiq yeh taqriban 1610 ki hai, lakri, kaghaz aur taambe se bani hai, is ka agla adsa 51 millimeter chaura hai aur yeh cheezon ko 14 guna bara dikhati hai. Isi fehrist ke mutabiq "telescope" ka naam 1611 mein ek Italian ilmi majlis ke banni Federico Cesi (Federico Cesi) ne tajweez kiya tha.

Aasman ki nayi tasveer

Galileo ne yeh doorbeen aasman ki taraf modi to har raat nayi cheez samne aayi. MacTutor ke mutabiq unhon ne dekha ke chand hamwar nahin balke is par pahaar hain, aur kehkashan nanhe nanhe sitaron se mil kar bani hai.

Sab se aham daryaft Mushtari ke paas hui. American nashriyati idare PBS ke science program NOVA (NOVA) ke mutabiq 1610 mein Galileo ko Mushtari ke qareeb chand nanhe roshan nuqte nazar aaye. Pehle unhon ne unhein sitare samjha, magar raat ba raat un ki jagah badalti rahi, aur akhirkar woh is nateeje par pahunche ke yeh Mushtari ke gird ghoomne wale chand hain. Aaj yeh char chand Io, Europa, Ganymede aur Callisto kehlate hain.

Galileo ne yeh mushahidat 1610 mein "Sidereus Nuncius" (Sidereus Nuncius), yani "sitaron ka qasid", nami mukhtasar kitab mein shaya kiye. MacTutor ke mutabiq isi saal unhon ne dekha ke Zohra bhi chand ki tarah ghatta barhta hai, aur 25 July 1610 ko Zuhal unhein teen hisson mein bata hua nazar aaya, kyunke un ki doorbeen is ke halqe saaf nahin dikha sakti thi. Baad mein unhon ne sooraj ke dhabbon par bhi likha.

Kepler ki behtari

Lipperhey aur Galileo ki doorbeenon ka maidan-e-nazar tang tha: ek waqt mein aasman ka bahut chota hissa dikhai deta tha. Schilling ke mutabiq 1611 mein German mahir-e-falkiyat Johannes Kepler (Johannes Kepler) ne tajweez kiya ke aankh wala adsa bhi mohaddab ho. Is se tasveer ulti to nazar aati hai, magar manzar kahin zyada khula hota hai, aur falkiyat mein ulti tasveer se koi farq nahin parta. Is tarz ki pehli kaam karne wali doorbeen 1630 mein Christoph Scheiner (Christoph Scheiner) ne banai. Baad ki sadiyon ki bari falkiyati doorbeenen isi khayal par aage barhin.

Char sadiyon ka safar

Gatte ki jis nalki se yeh kahani shuru hui thi, aaj is ki jadeed shaklen pahaaron ki chotiyon par bani rasadgahon se le kar khala tak pahunch chuki hain. Magar usool wahi hai jo Middelburg ki ek ainak saz dukan mein samne aaya tha: sahih fasle par rakhe do shishe, jo door ki roshni ko aankh tak samet late hain. Quetta ki kisi saaf raat mein ek chhoti doorbeen Mushtari ki taraf kijiye, aur shayad aap ko bhi wahi manzar dikhai de jo Galileo ne 1610 mein dekha tha: Mushtari ke paas nanhe roshan nuqte.

Maakhaz

Govert Schilling, "Who really invented the telescope? And no, it wasn't Galileo", BBC Sky at Night Magazine (2025). https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/who-invented-the-telescope — Lipperhey of Middelburg; application dated 2 October 1608, the oldest known document describing a telescope; demonstration in The Hague; ordered to make three larger instruments and a binocular; patent not granted because the design was already known; Metius's rival claim; Borel's 1656 credit to Janssen never substantiated; cardboard tube, convex objective and concave eyepiece, about 3x; Kepler's convex eyepiece (1611), inverted image, wider field; Scheiner's first working Keplerian telescope (1630).
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "Galileo Galilei", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Galileo/ — born Pisa 15 February 1564, died Arcetri 8 January 1642; news of the Dutch spyglass in 1609; about 4x, then 8 to 9x by August 1609, grinding his own lenses; Venetian Senate demonstration; mountains on the Moon, Milky Way made of stars, four bodies orbiting Jupiter; Sidereus Nuncius 1610; phases of Venus 1610; Saturn on 25 July 1610 seen as three bodies; sunspots.
Museo Galileo, Florence, "Galileo's telescope" (inv. 2427), catalogue entry. https://catalogue.museogalileo.it/object/GalileosTelescope.html — c. 1610; wood, paper, copper; magnification 14; biconvex objective 51 mm; the name "telescopio" suggested by Federico Cesi in 1611.
PBS NOVA, "Galileo: Discovering Jupiter's Moons". https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/space/galileo-jupiters-moons.html — in 1610 Galileo turned his telescope to the sky and found Jupiter's four largest moons; first thought to be fixed stars; positions changed nightly, recognised as satellites.

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