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Eent: mitti ka woh tukra jis ne shehar basaye

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Hamare gharon, schoolon aur masjidon ki deewaron mein lagi surkh eent itni aam hai ke hum is par doosri nazar bhi nahin dalte. Magar yeh insan ki sab se kamyab ijadat mein se ek hai. Geeli mitti ko sanche mein dhaal kar sukha liya jaye to ek aisi ikai ban jati hai jise jor kar jhonpri se mahal tak kuch bhi banaya ja sakta hai. Is ijad ke ibtidai nishan Mashriq-e-Wusta ke sath sath Balochistan ki mitti mein bhi milte hain.

Kachchi eent kya hai?

Sab se purani eenten kachchi thin, yani mitti ko gondh kar us mein bhoosa milaya jata, haath ya sanche se shakal di jati aur dhoop mein sukha liya jata. Bhoosa mitti ko jore rakhne ka kaam karta hai. Pakki eent is ke hazaron baras baad aayi, jab logon ne unhein bhatti mein pakana seekha taake woh pani aur barish ka muqabla kar saken.

Is ka kham maal asani se mil jata tha. Khan aur Lemmen ke mutabiq Punjab aur Sindh ke daryai maidanon mein bareek mitti aur pani ki koi kami nahin thi.

Sab se purani eenten

Muhaqqiqin Aurangzeb Khan (Aurangzeb Khan) aur Carsten Lemmen (Carsten Lemmen) ke ek mutale ke mutabiq kachchi eent ka qadeem tareen istemal Jericho (Jericho) ya Sham ke maqam Tell Aswad (Tell Aswad) se milta hai, jo taqriban 7500 qabl masih ka hai. World History Encyclopedia bhi kehta hai ke ab tak ki qadeem tareen maloom kachchi eenten Sham aur Anatolia se mili hain aur 7500 qabl masih se pehle ki hain.

Jericho ki kahani khas taur par dilchasp hai. Wahan taqriban 9400 qabl masih mein sattar se zyada gol ghar the jo mitti aur bhoose se bane the. Taqriban 7000 qabl masih mein wahan nayi basti basi to ghar chaukor ho gaye. Un ki deewarein kachchi eent ki thin aur kai kamre ek sehan ke gird bane the.

Turkey ke maqam Catalhoyuk (Catalhoyuk) mein, jo taqriban 7500 se 5600 qabl masih tak abad raha, kachchi eent ke chaukor ghar ek doosre se jure hue the. Un mein koi gali nahin thi; log chhat ke surakh se ghar mein aate jate the, aur neeche wale gharon ki chhatein upar walon ke liye raste ka kaam deti thin.

Mehrgarh: angoothe ke nishan wali eenten

Balochistan ke Kachhi maidan mein waqe Mehrgarh (Mehrgarh) ke sab se purane daur ke log bhi kachchi eenton ke gharon mein rehte the. In eenton ki ek khas pehchan un par angoothe se dabaye gaye nishan hain. Aisi eenten aur chaukor kamre maghribi aur junub mashriqi Iran ki naye pathar ke daur ki bastiyon mein bhi mile hain.

Mehrgarh mein yeh ghar nau baar bane aur chhore gaye, aur har baar purane khandraat par nayi basti uthi. Yun nau se das meter moti tah jama ho gayi. Is ki tareekh par maheerin mein ikhtilaf hai. Khan aur Lemmen ke mutabiq Mehrgarh mein kachchi eent taqriban 7000 qabl masih se istemal ho rahi thi. 2025 mein daanton ki nayi radio carbon tareekhon par mabni ek mutale ne is pehle daur ka aghaz taqriban 5200 se 4900 qabl masih bataya hai.

Wadi-e-Sindh: pakki eent ka urooj

Eent ko bhatti mein pakane ka riwaj aaya to us ne shehron ki shakal badal di. Khan aur Lemmen ke mutabiq Wadi-e-Sindh mein pakki eent pehli baar taqriban 2800 qabl masih mein Jalilpur mein nazar aati hai, aur ibtidai Harappai daur mein Kot Diji aur chand doosre maqamat par. Pakki eent poori Sindh tehzeeb ki pehchan ban gayi.

In eenton ki sab se hairat angez baat un ka naap hai. Poori tehzeeb mein eent ki motai, chorai aur lambai ka tanasub umooman 1:2:4 raha. Yeh miyar taqriban 1800 qabl masih ke baad tootne laga. Mohenjo-daro (Mohenjo-daro) zyada tar pakki eenton se bana. Ek andaze ke mutabiq us ki eenton ko sau baras tak pakane ke liye darya ke kinare ka sirf 200 hectare jungle kafi tha.

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq shehron mein imaratein juzvi ya poori tarah pakki eent ki thin jabke dehat mein kachchi eent hi chalti rahi. Ghusl khanon ke farsh eenton ko mazbooti se jor kar taqriban water proof banaye jate the.

Aksar donon qism ki eenten sath sath istemal hotin. Harappa mein shehar ki beroni deewar kachchi eent ki thi jis par kahin kahin pakki eent ka rukh charhaya gaya tha, jabke shehar ka ek darwaza ek meter moti pakki eent se bana tha jo kachchi eent ki faseel se jura hua tha. Yani jahan zyada mazbooti darkar thi wahan pakki eent, aur baqi jagah sasti kachchi eent.

Eenton ki chori aur aaj ka sabaq

In eenton ki mazbooti ka ek afsosnak saboot bhi hai. Unneesvin sadi mein Harappa ki hazaron baras purani eenten ukhaar kar Lahore Multan railway line ki tameer mein laga di gayin. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq yeh eenten sau meel line ke liye kafi se zyada thin, aur Mohenjo-daro bhi isi tarah Sindh ki railway ke liye kaan bana.

Baad mein Babul ki tehzeeb ne chamakdar roghani eenton se Ishtar darwaza banaya, jo taqriban 575 qabl masih ka hai. Aaj factoryon mein banne wali eent aur cement ke block inhi purani eenton ki aulad hain.

Mehrgarh ki angoothe ke nishan wali eent se Mohenjo-daro ki naap tol wali pakki eent tak, yeh safar isi sarzameen par tay hua.

Makhaz

A. Khan and C. Lemmen, "Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley rise and decline", arXiv:1303.1426 (preprint, 2013, revised 2014). https://arxiv.org/abs/1303.1426 — first mud bricks at Jericho or Tell Aswad c. 7500 BC; mud bricks at Mehrgarh since c. 7000 BC; baked bricks first at Jalilpur c. 2800 BC and in the Early Harappan phase at Kalibangan, Kot Diji and Banawali; Mohenjo-daro mostly baked brick; fine silt and water abundant in the river plains of Punjab and Sindh; Meher-Homji's estimate of 200 ha of riverine forest per 100 years; 4:2:1 standard lost after 1800 BC.
B. Mutin, A. Zazzo, L. Bondioli, A. Coppa et al., "New radiocarbon dates of human tooth enamel reveal a late appearance of farming life in the Indus Valley", Scientific Reports 15, 11345 (2025). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-92621-5 — Mehrgarh Period I mud-brick dwellings, "thumb-impressed" mud bricks and quadrangular rooms with parallels in Iran; nine architectural levels in 9–10 m of deposit; Period I start c. 5200–4900 BCE vs. Jarrige's c. 8000 BCE.
A. Ramos, "Early Jericho", World History Encyclopedia (2016). https://www.worldhistory.org/article/951/early-jericho/ — more than 70 circular clay-and-straw homes by c. 9400 BCE; second settlement c. 7000 BCE with rectilinear mud-brick buildings around courtyards.
N. Choubineh, "Catalhoyuk", World History Encyclopedia (2021). https://www.worldhistory.org/Catalhoyuk/ — occupation c. 7500–5600 BCE; earliest mudbricks found so far date from before 7500 BCE in Syria and Anatolia; square mud-brick room-flats entered through the roof.
M. Bin Naveed, "Harappa: An Overview of Harappan Architecture & Town Planning", World History Encyclopedia (2014). https://www.worldhistory.org/article/695/harappa-an-overview-of-harappan-architecture–town/ — urban buildings in baked brick, rural in mud brick; tightly fitted brick floors in bathing rooms; Harappa's bricks taken for the Lahore–Multan railway, enough for about 100 miles; Mohenjo-daro a quarry for the Sind railway; mud-brick perimeter wall faced in places with baked brick and a 1 m thick baked-brick gate.
"Ishtar Gate", World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/Ishtar_Gate/ — built c. 575 BCE in Babylon; front adorned with glazed bricks.
"Brick", Wikipedia (pointer only). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick — mud bricks with straw as binder; 1:2:4 Indus ratio (cross-checked with source 1).

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