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Astrolabe: Haath mein sama jane wala aasman

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 7 minute ka mutalia

Aaj hum waqt dekhne ke liye mobile phone uthate hain aur apni jagah maloom karne ke liye GPS kholte hain. Hazar saal pehle ek mahir-e-falakiyat yehi donon kaam peetal ki ek gol takhti se karta tha jo hatheli par sama jati thi. Is ka naam astrolabe (astrolabe) tha. Yeh Yunan mein ijad hua, magar aathween se gyarahween sadi eesvi tak Baghdad, Iran aur Andalus ke mahireen ne ise woh shakl di jis mein yeh sadiyon tak mahireen-e-falakiyat ka sab se bharose mand saathi raha.

Yunani ijad, naya ghar

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq astrolabe ghaliban doosri sadi qabl masih ke Yunani mahir-e-falakiyat Hipparchus (Hipparchus) ki ijad hai. Baad mein Ptolemy (Ptolemy) ne aasman ke kure ko ek seedhi satah par utarne ka woh tareeqa bayan kiya jis par yeh aala qaim hai. Chhatti sadi eesvi mein John Philoponus (John Philoponus) ne is par ek risala likha.

Scientific biography ki lughat mein muarrikh G. J. Toomer ke mutabiq arabi mein likhe jane se pehle is par suryani zaban mein bhi risale maujood the. Yani yeh ilm kai zabanon se hota hua Baghdad pahuncha.

Astrolabe kaise kaam karta hai

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq astrolabe ka bunyadi hissa ek gehri peetal ki thali hota hai jise "umm" (mater) kehte hain. Is mein ek takhti rakhi jati hai jis par kisi khaas arz balad ke liye aasman ke khutoot kanda hote hain. Umda astrolabon ke saath mukhtalif arz balad ke liye kai takhtiyan hoti thin. Is ke upar jali daar ghoomne wala hissa "ankaboot" (rete) hota hai, jis ki nokein sitaron ki jagah batati hain aur jo ek markazi keel par ghoomta hai. Posht par ek ghoomti hui patti "azada" (alidade) lagi hoti hai jis se sooraj ya sitare ko nishana banaya jata hai.

Istemal ka usool yeh tha ke azada se sooraj ya kisi sitare ki unchai napi jaye aur phir ankaboot ko ghuma kar aale ko isi lamhe ke aasman ke mutabiq kar liya jaye. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq astrolabe se waqt, sooraj aur sitaron ki unchai aur kisi jagah ka arz balad maloom kiya jata tha. Is se pahad jaisi unchi cheezon ki bulandi bhi napi jati thi, is liye yeh zameen ki paimaish karne walon ke bhi kaam aata tha.

Baghdad ke pehle banane wale

Mahireen-e-falakiyat ki sawanhi encyclopedia (Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers) mein Kim Plofker likhti hain ke aathween sadi ke mahir-e-falakiyat al-Fazari (al-Fazari) ke bare mein kaha jata hai ke woh Muslim duniya mein seedha astrolabe banane wale pehle shakhs the. Woh khalifa al-Mansur (754 ta 775) ke darbar se wabasta the. Astrolabe ke istemal par un ki kitab ka sirf naam baqi hai.

Nawween sadi mein yeh kaam phail gaya. Toomer ke mutabiq algebra ke musannif al-Khwarizmi ne bhi astrolabe par do kitabein likhin, ek is ki tayyari par aur ek is ke istemal par.

Isi encyclopedia mein Monica Rius ke mutabiq aaj duniya ka sab se purana mehfooz astrolabe Nastulus (Nastulus) naami karigar ka banaya hua hai. Is par 315 hijri ki tareekh hai, jo 927 ya 928 eesvi banti hai, aur yeh Kuwait ke islami funoon ke ajaib ghar mein hai.

al-Sufi ki zakheem kitab

Daswin sadi mein Iran ke Abdul Rahman al-Sufi (al-Sufi) ne is aale par ghair mamooli tafseel se likha. Isi encyclopedia mein Paul Kunitzsch ke mutabiq woh 903 eesvi mein Rayy mein paida hue aur 986 mein foot hue. Un ki sab se mashhoor tasneef taqriban 964 ki sitaron ke jhurmuton par kitab hai.

Berlin ke Max Planck idare ke database (ISMI) ke mutabiq al-Sufi ne astrolabe ke istemal par ek risala likha jis ka ek nuskha solah hisson aur 1,760 abwab par mushtamil hai aur us waqt ke hukmran Adud al-Dawla ke naam maanoon hai. Isi risale ka ek mukhtasar nuskha 170 abwab ka bhi hai.

Har arz balad ke liye ek takhti

Aam astrolabe ki sab se badi kamzori yeh thi ke har arz balad ke liye alag takhti chahiye thi. Gyarahween sadi mein Andalus ke shehar Toledo (Toledo) ke ek karigar ne is ka hal nikala. Roser Puig ke mutabiq Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (al-Zarqali) ek mashhoor aalat saaz the jinhon ne falakiyat khud seekhi. Unhon ne ek aisi takhti banai jis ka naam hi "al-Safiha al-Mushtaraka li-jamee al-uroodh" tha, yani "tamam arz balad ke liye mushtarka takhti". Aisa ek aala unhon ne 1048 ya 1049 eesvi mein Toledo ke hukmran ke liye tayyar kiya. Un ka intiqal 15 October 1100 ko Cordoba mein hua, aur un ke aalat par likhe risalon ke latini aur ibrani tarjume hue.

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq astrolabe ka ilm taqriban 1000 eesvi se Andalus ke raste Europe pahuncha. Angrezi shayar Geoffrey Chaucer (Geoffrey Chaucer) ne taqriban 1391 mein apne bete Lewis ke liye astrolabe ke istemal par ek risala likha.

Lahore ke astrolabe saaz

Barre-saghir mein bhi is fan ke bade karigar paida hue. London ke Royal Museums Greenwich mein 1641 aur 1642 eesvi ke darmiyan bana hua ek astrolabe mehfooz hai, jo Lahore ke karigar Muhammad Muqim ka hai. Ajaib ghar ke mutabiq woh mashhoor astrolabe saaz Ilahdad ke pota the aur satrahween sadi ke Lahore ke behtareen aalat sazon mein shumar hote hain. Ab tak un ke banaye hue 37 astrolabe record kiye ja chuke hain.

Aaj astrolabe ajaib gharon ki zeenat hai, magar is ka sabaq purana nahin hua: aasman ko ghaur se napa jaye to woh waqt bhi batata hai aur jagah bhi. Quetta ke saaf aasman tale koi talib-e-ilm agar gatte aur dhage se ek sada aala bana kar kisi sitare ki unchai nape to woh isi hazar salah riwayat ko dohra raha hoga.

Makhaz

Mark Cartwright, "Astrolabe", World History Encyclopedia (31 August 2023). https://www.worldhistory.org/astrolabe/ — possibly invented by Hipparchus; Ptolemy's Planisphaerium; John Philoponus (6th century) using Theon; mater, latitude plates, rete, alidade; uses: time, altitude of the sun and stars, latitude, heights of mountains; transfer to Europe through Spain from about 1000 CE; Chaucer's treatise c. 1391 for his son Lewis.
G. J. Toomer, "Al-Khwarizmi", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography (2008), PDF at MacTutor. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/DSB/Al-Khwarizmi.pdf — astrolabe a Greek invention; earlier treatises by Severus Sebokht (Syriac, 7th century) and Masha'allah (Arabic, late 8th century, only in Latin); al-Khwarizmi's books on the construction and the operation of the astrolabe; extract on the sun's altitude and terrestrial latitude.
Kim Plofker, "Fazari: Muḥammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari", in T. Hockey et al. (eds.), The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, Springer (2007), McGill RASI copy. https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Fazari_BEA.htm — said to have been the first Muslim to construct a plane astrolabe; court of al-Mansur (754-775); book on the use of the plane astrolabe known only by title; father/son ambiguity, now assumed one individual.
Monica Rius, "Nasṭulus", The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (2007), pp. 822-823, McGill RASI copy. https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Nastulus_BEA.htm — astrolabe dated 315 AH (927/928), oldest surviving, Kuwait; undated mater c. 925 in the Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo, with the earliest instrument gazetteer.
Paul Kunitzsch, "Ṣufi: Abu al-Ḥusayn ʿAbd al-Raḥman ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣufi", The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (2007), McGill RASI copy. https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Sufi_BEA.htm — born in Rayy 903, died 986; Book on the Constellations c. 964.
Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative (ISMI), Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, "Risalah fi al-ʿamal bi-al-asṭurlab (1760 chapters)". https://ismi.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/text/364692 — al-Sufi's astrolabe treatise; version in 16 books and 1,760 chapters dedicated to ʿAḍud al-Dawla (r. 949-983); related version of 170 chapters.
Roser Puig, "Zarqali: Abu Isḥaq Ibrahim ibn Yaḥya al-Naqqash al-Tujibi al-Zarqali", The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (2007), pp. 1258-1260, McGill RASI copy. https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Zarqali_BEA.htm — instrument maker in Toledo, self-taught in astronomy; al-ṣafiḥa al-mushtaraka li-jamiʿ al-ʿuruḍ; instrument made for al-Ma'mun of Toledo in 1048/1049; died Cordoba 15 October 1100; Latin and Hebrew translations of the shakkaziyya treatise.
Royal Museums Greenwich, "Astrolabe" by Muhammad Muqim. https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-10741 — made 1641-1642 in Lahore; grandson of Ilahdad; one of the best instrument makers of 17th-century Lahore; 37 astrolabes by him recorded.

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