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Copernicus: Jab zameen markaz se hat gayi

Atemad E-Magazine 20 October 2026 · 6 minute ka mutalia

Subah sooraj mashriq se nikalta hai, din bhar aasman par safar karta hai aur sham ko maghrib mein doob jata hai. Raat ko sitare bhi isi tarah ghoomte nazar aate hain. Aankh yehi batati hai ke zameen saakin hai aur aasman is ke gird chakkar laga raha hai. Sadiyon tak duniya ke beshtar mahireen-e-falakiyat isi bunyad par hisab karte rahe. Phir solhwin sadi mein Poland ke aik mahir-e-falakiyat ne kaha ke agar zameen ko ghoomta hua aur sooraj ke gird chakkar lagata hua maan liya jaye to aasman ki kai uljhanein khud bakhud suljh jati hain. Un ka naam Nicolaus Copernicus (Nicolaus Copernicus) tha.

Torun se Frombork tak

St Andrews University ke MacTutor archive ke mutabiq Copernicus 19 February 1473 ko Poland ke shehr Torun (Torun) mein paida hue aur 24 May 1543 ko Baltic ke sahili qasbe Frombork (Frombork) mein faut hue. Unhon ne pehle Krakow (Krakow) mein aur phir Italy ke shehron Bologna, Padua aur Ferrara mein Taleem hasil ki. Italy se lautne ke baad unhon ne apna falakiyati kaam Poland hi mein reh kar kiya.

Purana naqsha aur is ki uljhanein

Is zamane mein falakiyat ka raij nizam doosri sadi eswi mein Iskandariya ke mahir-e-falakiyat Ptolemy (Ptolemy) ka tha. MacTutor ke mutabiq is mein zameen markaz mein saakin thi aur yeh nazariya taqriban chaudah sau saal tak raij raha. Is nizam ki aik badi uljhan sayyaron ki "ulti chaal" thi: Mars jaisa sayyara kuch arsa aasman par aage badhta hai, phir kuch hafte peechhe ki taraf chalta nazar aata hai aur phir dobara aage badhne lagta hai. Ptolemy ne sayyaron ki jagah ka hisab lagane ke liye dairon ke upar chhote daire, yaani "tadweer" (epicycles), aur kuch aur geometry ki tarkeebein istemal kin, jis se nizam khasa pecheeda ho gaya.

Aik mukhtasar risala

MacTutor ke mutabiq Copernicus ne taqriban 1514 mein apne khayalat aik mukhtasar qalmi risale mein likh kar chand logon mein banty, jise baad mein "Commentariolus" (Commentariolus), yaani "mukhtasar sharah", kaha gaya. Is mein saat bunyadi nukat the. Un mein se teen sab se aham yeh the:

Sitaron ka rozana mashriq se maghrib ki taraf ghoomna darasal zameen ke apne mehwar par ghoomne ka nateeja hai.
Sooraj ka saal bhar ka safar darasal zameen ke sooraj ke gird chakkar lagane ki wajah se nazar aata hai.
Sayyaron ki ulti chaal is liye dikhai deti hai ke hum khud aik chalti hui zameen se unhein dekh rahe hain.

Aakhri nukta sab se khoobsurat tha. Jaise tez chalti gari se kisi sust gari ko dekhein to woh peechhe jati mehsoos hoti hai, isi tarah zameen jab kisi bairooni sayyare ke paas se guzarti hai to woh sayyara kuch der peechhe chalta nazar aata hai. Jis uljhan ke liye pecheeda daire banaye jate the, is ki sada wajah samne aa gayi.

1543 ki kitab

Copernicus barson apni badi kitab par kaam karte rahe magar ise chhapwane mein jaldi nahin ki. MacTutor ke mutabiq 1539 mein aik nojawan German riyazi dan Rheticus (Rheticus) un ke paas aaye, un ke nizam ka aik ibtidai khulasa "Narratio prima" (Narratio prima) tayyar karne mein madad ki aur kitab ki ishaat mein hath bataya. Aakhirkar "De revolutionibus" (De revolutionibus), yaani "aasmani kurron ki gardish ke bare mein", 1543 mein Germany ke shehr Nuremberg se chhapi, isi saal jab Copernicus ka intiqal hua.

MacTutor yeh bhi wazeh karta hai ke Copernicus ka nizam aaj ke nizam-e-shamsi jaisa nahin tha. Un ke haan sooraj theek markaz mein nahin balke markaz ke qareeb saakin tha, aur chunke woh har harkat ko dairavi mante the, is liye unhein bhi kuch chhote daire, yaani tadweer, istemal karne pade.

Pehle aur baad ke log

Copernicus pehle shakhs nahin the jinhon ne sooraj ko markaz mein rakhne ka socha. MacTutor ke mutabiq Yunani mahir-e-falakiyat Aristarchus (Aristarchus), jo taqriban 310 se 230 qabl maseeh ke darmiyan guzre, ne bhi yeh khayal pesh kiya tha, jis ka zikr Archimedes ki aik kitab mein milta hai, magar Yunaniyon ne ise qabool nahin kiya. Copernicus ke models mein do dairon ki aik tarkeeb bhi milti hai jo taqriban dhai sau saal pehle Maragha (Iran) ki rasadgah mein Nasir ud Din Tusi ne istemal ki thi; MacTutor ke mutabiq bohat se muarrikhin samajhte hain ke yeh Tusi se aayi, jabke baaz is se ittefaq nahin karte.

Copernicus ke baad yeh kaam aage barha. MacTutor ke mutabiq German mahir-e-falakiyat Johannes Kepler (Johannes Kepler) ne Copernicus ke nizam ko durust mana aur Denmark ke Tycho Brahe (Tycho Brahe) ke barson ke mushahidat se 1609 mein sabit kiya ke Mars daire mein nahin balke baizvi madar mein ghoomta hai. Galileo ki doorbeen ne jo naye mushahidat kiye, un ka zikr is silsile ki qist 49 mein hai.

Aaj ka sabaq

Aaj Quetta ki kisi saaf raat mein Mars ko chand hafte ghaur se dekhein to is ki ulti chaal khud nazar aa sakti hai, aur is ki wajah wohi hai jo Copernicus ne paanch sau saal pehle batai thi: hum aik chalti hui zameen par baithe hain. Copernicus ka asal karnama koi naya aala nahin balke aik naya zawiya-e-nazar tha: jab koi uljhan bohat pecheeda ho jaye to shayad sawal ko kisi aur jagah khare ho kar dekhne ki zaroorat hoti hai.

Makhaz

J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "Nicolaus Copernicus", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Copernicus/ — born Torun 19 February 1473, died Frombork 24 May 1543; studied at Krakow, Bologna, Padua and Ferrara; Commentariolus circulated in manuscript about 1514 with seven axioms (Earth's rotation, Earth's annual orbit, retrograde motion from Earth's motion); Rheticus from 1539 and the Narratio prima; De revolutionibus published at Nuremberg 1543; motionless sun close to, not at, the centre; all motion circular, hence epicycles.
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "Aristarchus of Samos", MacTutor. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aristarchus/ — c. 310 to c. 230 BC; sun-centred hypothesis known from Archimedes' Sand-Reckoner; not accepted by the Greeks; often cited as a precursor of Copernicus.
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi", MacTutor. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/ — Maragha observatory begun 1259; the Tusi couple, used to replace parts of Ptolemy's system; recurs in Copernicus some 250 years later; many historians think Copernicus took it from al-Tusi, but not all agree.
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "Johannes Kepler", MacTutor. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Kepler/ — accepted the Copernican system; used Tycho Brahe's observations; Astronomia nova (1609): orbit of Mars an ellipse with the Sun at a focus, equal areas in equal times.
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "Claudius Ptolemy", MacTutor. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ptolemy/ — c. AD 85 to c. 165, observations at Alexandria; fixed Earth at the centre; epicycles combined with eccentrics and the equant; geocentric theory prevailed for 1400 years.

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