Sikandar-e-Azam: Macedonia se Jhelum aur Makuran ke sehra tak

Chauthi sadi qabl masih mein Yunan ke shumal mein waqe riyasat Macedonia (Macedon) ke ek naujawan badshah ne sirf terah baras mein Yunan se Misr, Iran, Afghanistan aur Punjab tak ka ilaqa fatah kar liya. Yeh Sikandar Soom tha jise duniya Sikandar-e-Azam (Alexander the Great) ke naam se jaanti hai. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq woh 356 qabl masih mein paida hua, 336 qabl masih mein takht par baitha aur 323 qabl masih mein battees baras ki umar mein Babul mein wafat pa gaya. Us ki Muhimmat ka ek aham baab aaj ke Pakistan mein likha gaya: dariya-e-Jhelum ke kinare Raja Porus se jang, aur wapsi par Balochistan ke sahili sehra ka kathin safar.

Ibtidai zindagi

Sikandar Macedonia ke badshah Philip II ka beta tha. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq terah ya chaudah baras ki umar mein us ke walid ne Yunani falsafi Aristotle ko us ka atalique muqarrar kiya, aur solah baras ki umar tak woh Aristotle se parhta raha. Atharah baras ki umar mein us ne 338 qabl masih mein Chaeronea ki jang mein hissa liya jis mein Macedonia ne Yunani shehri riyasaton ke ittehad ko shikast di. 336 qabl masih mein Philip ke qatl ke baad Sikandar badshah bana aur apne walid ka woh mansooba uthaya jo Hakhamanishi Irani saltanat ki fatah ka tha.

Iran ki fatah

334 qabl masih mein Sikandar battees hazar piyada aur paanch hazar ek sau sawaron ke saath Asia-e-Koochak mein dakhil hua aur dariya-e-Granicus par Irani fauj ko shikast di. 333 qabl masih mein Issus ke maqam par us ne Irani badshah Darius III ki badi fauj ko haraya. Us ke baad Foneeqi shehar Tyre ka taweel muhasira hua. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq shehar fatah hone ke baad wahan ke bashindon ko qatl kiya gaya aur bach jane walon ko ghulam bana kar bech diya gaya, aur qadeem o jadeed muarrikhin is waqiye ko Sikandar ki sakht geeri ki misal ke taur par pesh karte hain.

332 qabl masih ke aakhir mein us ne Misr liya, 331 qabl masih mein Alexandria ki bunyad rakhi aur Gaugamela mein Darius ko faislakun shikast di. 330 qabl masih mein Irani shahi shehar Takht-e-Jamshed (Persepolis) ka mahal jala diya gaya; qadeem muarrikh Diodorus ke mutabiq yeh Yunan par Irani hamle ke dauran Athens ke jalaye jane ka badla tha, aur jadeed muarrikhin is iqdam par tanqeed karte hain. Isi saal Darius ko us ke apne sardar Bessus ne qatl kar diya, aur agle teen baras Sikandar Bakhtar aur Sughd mein larta raha.

Taxila aur Jhelum ki jang

327 qabl masih mein Sikandar ne barre-saghir ka rukh kiya. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Taxila ke raja Omphis ne baghair lare itaat qubool kar li, jabke Aspasioi aur Assakenoi qabail ne sakht muzahmat ki. 326 qabl masih mein Sikandar ka samna Poru riyasat ke raja Porus se dariya-e-Hydaspes ke kinare hua. Arrian ki kitab ke angrezi mutarjim E. J. Chinnock ke mutabiq yehi dariya aaj Jhelum kehlata hai, jo dariya-e-Sindh ke paanch bare moawin daryaon mein se ek hai.

History.com ke mutabiq Porus ki fauj ke paas jangi hathi the, aur yeh jang toofani barish mein lari gayi jis mein aakhirkar Porus ko shikast hui. Arrian ke mutabiq is jang mein Sikandar ke taqriban teen sau das aadmi kaam aaye. Arrian ke bayan ke mutabiq jab giraftar Porus se poochha gaya ke us ke saath kya sulook kiya jaye to us ne jawab diya: "Aye Sikandar, mere saath badshahon jaisa sulook karo." Sikandar ne ise na sirf us ki saltanat lauta di balke us se bara ilaqa us ke supurd kiya. Isi jang mein Sikandar ka mashhoor ghora Bucephalus mara gaya aur us ne us ki yaad mein ek shehar Bucephala abad kiya.

Sikandar aage Ganga ki taraf barhna chahta tha, magar barson ki Muhimmat se thaki hui fauj ne aage jane se inkar kar diya, aur Sikandar ko un ki baat manni pari.

Wapsi: Gedrosia aur Makuran ka sehra

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Sikandar ne fauj ko do hissson mein banta: ek hissa ameer-ul-bahr Nearchus ki command mein samandar ke raste khaleej-e-Fars ki taraf rawana hua, jabke woh khud baqi fauj ke saath 325 qabl masih mein Gedrosia ke sehra se guzra. Arrian ke mutarjim Chinnock ke hawashi ke mutabiq Gedrosia Irani saltanat ka intehai janub mashriqi soba tha jo Balochistan ke janub mashriqi hissay par mushtamil tha, aur us ke sahil par "Ichthyophagi" yani machhli khor log abad the. Yeh wahi sahili patti hai jo aaj Makuran kehlati hai.

Arrian (Arrian) ke bayan ke mutabiq is raste mein kai jagah pani nahin tha, fauj ko zyada tar raat ko safar karna parta tha, aur ret ke narm teelon mein qadam dhans jate the. Garmi aur pyas se bohat se janwar aur sipahi halak hue, aur ek raat pahadon par hone wali barish se ek barsati nale mein achanak Sailab aaya jo fauj ke saath chalne wale bohat se khandanon aur shahi saman ko baha le gaya. Arrian ke mutabiq Oritians ke ilaqe se Gedrosia ke sadr maqam Pura tak pohanchne mein saath din lage, aur Chinnock ke mutabiq Pura ghaliban Bampur ke maqam par tha.

Us raste ke intikhab ki wajah par muarrikhin mein behas hai. Arrian, Sikandar ke ameer-ul-bahr Nearchus ke hawale se likhta hai ke Sikandar ne suna tha ke malika Semiramis aur Cyrus-e-Azam donon is sehra se guzarte hue apni fauj ka bashtar hissa ganwa baithe the, aur woh un se barh kar kuch karna chahta tha; doosri wajah bahri bere ke liye raste mein rasad ka intezam tha. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is faisle ki wujuhat aaj bhi wazeh nahin. Arrian yeh bhi likhta hai ke Sikandar ke aksar muarrikhin ke nazdeek Asia ki koi mushaqqat is safar ke barabar nahin thi.

Aakhri ayyam

324 qabl masih mein Sikandar Susa pohancha. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq us ne un subedaron ko saza di jinhon ne us ki ghair mojoodgi mein ikhtiyarat ka ghalat istemal kiya tha, aur Pasargadae mein Cyrus-e-Azam ke maqbare ki marammat ka hukm diya.

323 qabl masih mein Babul mein woh das din tez bukhar mein mubtala raha aur 10 ya 11 June ko wafat pa gaya. Us ki maut ki wajah maloom nahin; zehar, malaria aur aloodah pani se hone wale infection tak mukhtalif nazariyat pesh kiye gaye hain. Us ne koi wazeh janasheen namzad nahin kiya tha, aur us ki saltanat us ke jarnailon mein bat gayi jo "Diadochi" (janasheen) kehlate hain.

Wirsa

World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Sikandar ki Muhimmat ke baad Yunani zaban aur saqafat Misr se barre-saghir tak phaili aur "Hellenistic Period" ka aghaz hua.

Pakistan ke qari ke liye Sikandar ki kahani sirf ek door daraz fateh ki kahani nahin. Taxila, Jhelum ka kinara, dariya-e-Sindh ka safar aur Makuran ka sehra, sab is dastan ka hissa hain, aur Arrian jaise qadeem muarrikhin ke bayanat aaj bhi is khitte ki qadeem tareekh ka ek aham makhaz hain.