Sher Shah Suri: Panch baras ki hukumat, sadiyon ka asar

1540 mein Mughal badshah Humayun ko shikast de kar Hindustan se nikalne wala Afghan sardar sirf panch baras hukumat kar saka, magar is mukhtasir arse mein us ne sadakon, sarayon, dak aur mahsool ka aisa nizam qaim kiya jis ki buniyadon par baad ke hukmranon ne bhi kaam kiya. Yeh the Farid Khan, jo tareekh mein Sher Shah Suri (Sher Shah Suri) ke naam se mashhoor hue. Un ki hukumat Mughalia daur ke beech ek waqfa thi, jise "Sur saltanat" kaha jata hai.

Ibtidai zindagi

Sher Shah ka asal naam Farid Khan tha aur un ka talluq Afghanon ke Sur qabile se tha. Un ke dada Ibrahim Khan Sur Roh ke ilaqe se Hindustan aaye the, jabke un ke walid Hasan Khan Sur ko Bihar mein Sahsaram aur Khawaspur ki jagir mili thi. Un ki paidaish ke saal aur maqam par ikhtilaf hai: baaz riwayaat mein 1472 aur baaz mein 1486 ka zikr hai. Muarrikh Kalika Ranjan Qanungo ke mutabiq woh ghaliban 1486 mein Hisar Feroza mein paida hue, jabke baaz hawale Sahsaram ko un ki jaye paidaish batate hain.

Qanungo ke mutabiq gharelu ikhtilafat ki wajah se Farid naujawani mein ghar chhor kar Jaunpur chale gaye, jahan unhon ne Arabi sarf o nahv parhi aur Gulistan, Bostan aur Sikandar Nama jaisi Farsi kitaben yaad kin. Baad mein walid ne unhen apni jagir ke parganon ka intezam saunpa. Yahan unhon ne kisanon se barah-e-raast muamla kiya: kuch kisanon ka lagan zameen ki paimaish ki buniyad par aur kuch ka fasal ki taqseem ki buniyad par tay hua, aur kisanon se tahriri iqrar name liye gaye. Yehi tajurba baad mein un ki saltanat ke intezam ki buniyad bana.

"Sher Khan" ka laqab

Jagir ke muamlat se alag hone ke baad Farid Bihar ke hakim Bahar Khan Lohani ki mulazmat mein aa gaye. Akbar ke hukm par likhi gayi Abbas Khan Sarwani ki "Tarikh-e-Sher Shahi" ke mutabiq ek din shikar ke dauran ek sher samne aaya to Farid ne use mar dala. Is bahaduri par Bahar Khan ne unhen "Sher Khan" ka laqab diya aur apne bete Jalal Khan ka naib muqarrar kiya. Bahar Khan ki wafat ke baad Sher Khan Bihar ke amali hukmran ban gaye.

Iqtidar tak ka safar

1530 ki dahai mein Sher Khan ne Bihar mein apni taqat mazboot ki aur Bengal ki saltanat ke khilaf Muhimmat keen. Jab Humayun Bengal ki taraf barhe aur wahan kai mah ruke rahe to Sher Khan ne Bihar, Banaras aur Jaunpur ke raston par qabza kar ke un ka rabita kaat diya. June 1539 mein dariya-e-Ganga ke kinare Chausa ke maqam par unhon ne Mughal fauj par achanak hamla kiya aur use shikast di; Humayun bamushkil jaan bacha sake.

May 1540 mein Kannauj ke qareeb, Bilgram ke ilaqe mein, dono faujon ka dobara muqabla hua aur Mughal fauj ko phir shikast hui. Is ke baad Humayun Lahore aur phir Sindh ki taraf chale gaye aur taweel jala-watni ka daur shuru hua. Sher Khan ne Agra aur Delhi par qabza kar ke "Sher Shah" ka laqab ikhtiyar kiya. Agle barson mein unhon ne Punjab, Malwa aur Marwar tak apni hukumat phailayi.

Rohtas qila

Shumal maghribi sarhad ko mehfooz rakhne aur Gakhar qabail par nazar rakhne ke liye Sher Shah ne dariya-e-Jhelum ke qareeb ek mazboot qila tameer karwaya jise Rohtas ka naam diya gaya, jo aaj Pakistan mein hai. Abbas Khan Sarwani likhte hain ke tameer ke dauran nigranon ne ittila di ke pathar bohat mehnga par raha hai, to Sher Shah ne jawab diya ke kaam na ruke, chahe pathar ke wazan ke barabar tanba dena parey. Un ke mutabiq is qile par be-panah raqam kharch hui. Sher Shah ne Delhi mein Jamna ke kinare shehar ko bhi naye sire se tameer karwaya.

Sadken, sarayen aur dak

Sher Shah ki sab se mashhoor yadgar un ki sadken aur sarayen hain. Abbas Khan Sarwani ke mutabiq har do kos ke fasle par ek saraye banayi gayi. Ek bari sadak Punjab ke qile se Bengal ke shehar Sonargaon tak jati thi, doosri Agra se Burhanpur tak, teesri Agra se Jodhpur aur Chittor tak, aur chauthi Lahore se Multan tak. Abbas ke bayan ke mutabiq mukhtalif sadkon par kul satrah sau sarayen tameer huin, agarche ek qalmi nuskhe mein yeh tadad pachees sau batayi gayi hai.

Har saraye mein Hindu aur Musalman musafiron ke liye alag alag qiyam gahen thin, darwaze par peene ke pani ke matke rakhe jate, aur darmiyan mein ek kunwan aur pakki inton ki masjid hoti thi. Musafiron ko hukumat ki taraf se khana aur un ke janwaron ke liye chara milta tha. Sadak ke dono taraf saya dar aur phal dar darakht lagaye gaye. Har saraye mein do ghode rakhe jate the taake khabren tezi se aage pahunchayi ja saken, yun yeh sarayen dak ke nizam ka hissa bhi thin.

Intezam aur mahsool

Vincent Smith ke mutabiq Sher Shah ne apni mukhtasir hukumat mein kai intezami islahat keen, khaas taur par mahsool ke shobe mein, jinhen baad mein Akbar ne bhi apnaya. Smith yeh bhi likhte hain ke fauji ghodon par nishan lagane ka tareeqa Sher Shah ke daur mein raij tha, aur Akbar ke daur ka tanbe ka sikka "dam" Sher Shah ke sikkon ke namune par banaya gaya tha. Abbas Sarwani ke mutabiq Sher Shah ne har jagah insaf ke liye adalatein qaim keen.

Aakhri ayyam

Zindagi ke aakhri mahinon mein Sher Shah ne Bundelkhand ke mazboot qile Kalinjar ka muhasira kiya jo kai mah jari raha. Abbas Khan Sarwani ke mutabiq 952 Hijri mein Rabi-ul-Awwal ki nau tareekh ko, jab qile par barood bhare gole phenke ja rahe the, ek gola qile ke darwaze se takra kar wapas us jagah aa gira jahan doosre gole rakhe the aur zordar dhamaka hua. Sher Shah buri tarah jhulas gaye. Isi sham qila fatah hone ki khabar un tak pahunchi, aur May 1545 mein zakhmon ke baais un ka intiqal ho gaya.

Unhen un ke aabai ilaqe Sahsaram mein dafn kiya gaya. Un ka maqbara ek masnooi jheel ke beech waqe hai jis ke gird tarashe hue pathar ki deewarein hain; unneesween sadi mein Elliot aur Dowson ne use ek khoobsurat aur ba-waqar imarat qarar diya.

Wirsa

Sher Shah ke baad un ke bete Jalal Khan, Islam Shah ke laqab se, takht par baithe. Un ke baad khandan mein ikhtilafat barhe aur 1555 mein Humayun ne Hindustan wapas aa kar Mughal hukumat bahal kar li. Sur saltanat taqriban pandrah baras hi qaim rahi, magar us ke qaim kardah intezami tareeqe Mughal daur mein bhi jari rahe.

Sher Shah Suri ka naam aaj bhi sadkon aur sarayon ke saath liya jata hai. Jis shahrah ko baad mein jarnaili sadak ya Grand Trunk Road kaha gaya, us ki tameer o taraqqi mein un ka kirdar muarrikhin ke han bar bar zikr hota hai, aur Jhelum ke qareeb Rohtas qila aaj bhi un ke daur ki yaad dilata hai.