Shamsuddin Iltutmish: Delhi ko darul-hukumat banane wala sultan

Aaj Delhi ko sadiyon purana darul-hukumat samjha jata hai, magar terahveen sadi ke aaghaz mein yeh haisiyat pakki nahin thi; Qutbuddin Aibak ki hukumat ka markaz Lahore tha. Britannica ke mutabiq Delhi ko mustaqil darul-hukumat Shamsuddin Iltutmish (Iltutmish) ne banaya, jinhon ne 1211 se 1236 tak hukumat ki. Britannica unhein naam nihad ghulam khandan ka teesra aur sab se bara sultan qarar deta hai.

Ghulam ka ghulam

Iltutmish ki ibtidai zindagi Aibak hi ki tarah ghulami mein guzri. Tarikhi rivayat ke mutabiq woh turkon ke Albari qabile ke ek sardar ke bete the, magar bachpan mein ghulam bana kar baich diye gaye. Un ka bachpan Bukhara aur Ghazni mein mukhtalif malikon ke paas guzra, aur 1190 ki dahai ke aakhir mein Aibak ne unhein Delhi mein khareed liya. Yun woh ek aise shakhs ke ghulam bane jo khud bhi ghulam tha.

Aibak ki mulazmat mein unhon ne tezi se taraqqi ki. Britannica ke mutabiq Muhammad Ghori aur Aibak donon ke tehat unhein ek qabil-e-aitemad muntazim ki tarbiyat mili. Unhein Badaun ki aham jagir (iqta) mili, aur Britannica ke mutabiq Aibak ne apni beti ki shadi un se kar di.

Takht nashini

1210 mein Aibak ka Lahore mein achanak intiqal hua aur Lahore ke umara ne Aram Shah ko jaanasheen bana diya. Doosre ilaqon ke umara ne Iltutmish ka naam tajweez kiya, aur 1211 mein Iltutmish sultan ban gaye. Unhon ne Delhi ko apna markaz banaya.

Britannica ke mutabiq takht nashini ke waqt un ke samne kai masail the. Ghazni ke hukmran Tajuddin Yildiz Muhammad Ghori ke tamam Hindustani ilaqon par daawedar the, aur mukhtalif subon ke hakim alag rasta ikhtiyar kar rahe the. Iltutmish ne Yildiz ko giraftar kar liya aur 1225 mein Bengal ke hakim ko Delhi ki itaat par majboor kiya. 1228-1229 mein Sindh aur Punjab ke bare hisse bhi un ki saltanat mein shamil hue, jo is se pehle Nasiruddin Qabacha ke paas the.

Mongolon se bachao

Iltutmish ka daur wohi tha jab Changez Khan ki faujein wusta Asia aur Afghanistan tak pahunch chuki thin. Britannica ke mutabiq Iltutmish ne apni faujein Mongol lashkaron se door rakhin aur apni saltanat ko Mongol hamlon ki tabah kariyon se mehfooz rakhne mein kamyab rahe. Isi ehtiyat ki wajah se Delhi saltanat is daur mein apni bunyadein mazboot kar saki.

Khalifa ki manzoori

1229 ke lag bhag Baghdad ke Abbasi khalifa Al-Mustansir ne Iltutmish ki hukmrani ko bazabta taur par tasleem kiya. Is ke baad Iltutmish ek khudmukhtar sultan ke taur par samne aaye, aur un ki saltanat ka Ghori saltanat se purana talluq khatam ho gaya. Britannica ke mutabiq Ghori muhim joon ne Ghor se apna siyasi rishta isi waqt toda jab Iltutmish ne Delhi ko mustaqil darul-hukumat banaya aur harif daawedaron ko peeche dhakel diya.

Intizam aur sikke

Britannica ke mutabiq Iltutmish ne saltanat ke liye ek intizami dhancha qaim kiya. Unhon ne hukmrani ke fan par gyarahveen sadi ki classical kitabein talash karain, aur "Adab-ul-Muluk" ke naam se Hindustan mein hukmrani aur jang ke fan par pehli kitab un ke liye likhi gayi. Britannica ke mutabiq un ke daur aur un ke mushiron, khaas taur par wazir Junaidi, ki un ke hum asron ne tareef ki.

Iltutmish ke daur ka ek aham kaam sikkon ka nizam hai. Aam taur par bataya jata hai ke unhon ne chandi ka "tanka" aur tanbe ka "jital" jari kiya, jo poori saltanat-e-Delhi ke bunyadi sikke bane. Unhon ne iqta ka nizam bhi munazzam kiya, jis ke tehat saltanat ke ilaqe umara aur afsaron ko tankhwah ke badle saunpe jate the.

Delhi ki tameer

Britannica ke mutabiq Iltutmish ne Delhi mein pani ke zakhair aur shehri sahulatein banwain taake yeh shehar pehli baar ek darul-hukumat ke shayan-e-shan ban sake. In mein Hauz-e-Shamsi ka naam liya jata hai, jo barish ka pani jama karne ka ek bara talab tha.

Britannica ke mutabiq Qutb Minar, jis ki tameer Aibak ne shuru ki thi, Iltutmish ke daur mein mukammal hua. Aaj yeh 72.5 meter buland minar saltanat-e-Delhi ki sab se mashhoor yadgar hai. Qutb Minar ke ahate hi mein Iltutmish ka apna maqbara bhi hai.

Jaanasheeni aur wafat

Britannica ke mutabiq Iltutmish ke bare bete un ki zindagi hi mein intiqal kar gaye. Unhon ne apni beti Razia ko achi Taleem dilwai aur un ki khwahish thi ke Razia un ki jaanasheen banein. Razia Sultana baad mein mukhtasar arse ke liye takht par baithin (un par is silsile ki satrahveen qist dekhiye).

Iltutmish ka intiqal April 1236 mein Delhi mein hua; Britannica tareekh 29 April batata hai.

Wirasa

Britannica ke mutabiq Iltutmish ne Aibak ki fatuhat ki bunyad par saltanat-e-Delhi ki khudmukhtari qaim ki. Delhi ko mustaqil darul-hukumat banana, sikkon aur iqta ka nizam, aur Qutb Minar ki takmeel un ke daur ke woh kaam hain jo baad ki sadiyon tak baqi rahe.