Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori: Ghor ke pahadon se Delhi tak

Barahvin sadi eesvi ke doosre nisf mein maujooda wasti Afghanistan ke pahadi ilaqe Ghor se ek khandan ubhra jis ne pehle Ghazni par qabza kiya aur phir shumali Hindustan ka rukh kiya. Is khandan ke jis fard ne barre-saghir ki siyasi tareekh par sab se gehra asar chhora woh Muizuddin Muhammad bin Sam tha, jise aam taur par Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori (Muhammad of Ghor) kaha jata hai. Is ne 1173 se 1206 tak Ghazni se hukumat ki, aur is ke ghulam sipah salaron ne is ke baad Delhi saltanat ki bunyad rakhi.

Ibtidai zindagi

Muhammad Ghori ki wiladat ka saal yaqeeni taur par maloom nahin; mukhtalif hawale ise 1144 se 1149 ke darmiyan batate hain. Is ke walid Bahauddin Sam Ghor ke hukmran khandan se the. Is ke chacha Alauddin Hussain ne Ghaznaviyon se inteqam lete hue Ghazni shehar ko aag laga di thi aur isi wajah se "Jahan Soz" kehlaya.

Muhammad aur is ke bare bhai Ghiyasuddin Muhammad ka ibtidai zamana mushkilat mein guzra. Chacha ke bete Saifuddin Muhammad ki wafat (1163) ke baad Ghiyasuddin Ghor ke takht par baitha. Terahvin sadi ke muarrikh Minhaj Siraj Juzjani ke mutabiq Muhammad kuch arsa naraz ho kar Sistan chala gaya, magar bhai ne ise wapas bula kar Garmsir ke ilaqe saunp diye. Is ka ibtidai laqab Shahabuddin tha, jabke baad mein is ne Muizuddin ka laqab ikhtiyar kiya.

Ghazni ka takht aur do bhaiyon ki hukumat

Is zamane mein Ghazni par Ghuz Turkon ka qabza tha jo ise Ghaznaviyon se chheen chuke the. Juzjani ke mutabiq 569 Hijri, yani 1173 mein, Ghiyasuddin ne Ghazni fatah kiya aur apne chhote bhai ko wahan ke takht par bitha kar khud Ghor laut gaya. Is ke baad donon bhaiyon ne mil kar hukumat ki: bara bhai Ghiyasuddin apne daarul hukumat Firozkoh se maghrib mein Khwarizm ke hukmranon se nabard azma raha, jabke Muhammad Ghazni ko markaz bana kar mashriq ki taraf barhta raha.

Sindh aur Punjab ki taraf

Juzjani ne in Muhimmat ki tarteeb saal ba saal di hai. 571 Hijri (1175) mein Muhammad Ghori ne Multan fatah kiya aur phir Uch ko bhi apne qabze mein liya. 574 Hijri (1178) mein is ne Uch aur Multan ke raste Gujarat ke daarul hukumat Nahrwala (Anhilwara) par hamla kiya, magar wahan ke naujawan raja (Juzjani ke han Bhim Dev; jadeed muarrikhin ke mutabiq Mool Raj doem) ki bari fauj aur hathiyon ke samne ise shikast hui aur pasp hona para. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is nakami ke baad is ne sehra ke raste ka khayal chhor kar Punjab mein mazboot adda banane par tawajjoh di.

575 Hijri (1179) mein is ne Peshawar fatah kiya. Agle barson mein woh Lahore ki taraf barha jahan Ghaznavi khandan ka aakhri hukmran Khusro Malik hukumat kar raha tha. 580 Hijri (1184) mein is ne Sialkot ka qila tameer karaya. Aakhirkar 1186 ke lagbhag Khusro Malik ne hathiyar daal diye aur Lahore Ghoriyon ke qabze mein aa gaya. Yun Ghaznavi khandan ki hukumat khatam hui.

Tarain ki do larraiyan

Punjab ke baad Muhammad Ghori ne Tabarhind ka qila fatah kiya, jise Juzjani ke matn mein Sirhind likha gaya hai, aur Qazi Ziauddin Tolki ko barah sau sawaron ke sath wahan chhora. Ajmer aur Delhi ke Chauhan hukmran Prithviraj (Prithviraj Chauhan) ne is ka muqabla kiya. 1191 mein Tarain ke maidan mein, jo Thanesar ke qareeb hai, donon faujein amne samne aayin. Juzjani ke mutabiq sultan ne naiza le kar Delhi ke Govind Rai ke hathi par hamla kiya aur ise zakhmi kiya, magar khud bhi bazu par shadeed zakhm kha gaya. Woh ghore se girne ko tha ke ek Khilji naujawan ne ise pehchan liya aur ghore par is ke peeche baith kar maidan se nikal le gaya. Ghori fauj ko shikast hui, aur Sirhind ka qila terah mah ke muhasre ke baad hath se nikal gaya.

Agle saal, yani 1192 mein, Muhammad Ghori nayi fauj ke sath lauta. Juzjani ne ek aini shahid ke hawale se likha ke is fauj mein ek lakh bees hazar zirah posh sawar the. Is bar is ne apni halki sawar fauj ko das das hazar ke char daston mein taqseem kiya jo dushman ko charon taraf se teeron se pareshan karte rahe. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Ghori fauj ne achanak hamla kiya jab Rajput lashkar poori tarah tayyar na tha. Juzjani ke mutabiq Prithviraj Sarsuti ke qareeb giraftar hua aur qatl kar diya gaya, jabke Govind Rai maidan mein mara gaya. Is fatah ke baad Ajmer, Hansi aur Sarsuti ke ilaqe Ghoriyon ke qabze mein aaye.

Muhammad Ghori ne apne ghulam sipah salar Qutbuddin Aibak ko Kahram ke qile par muqarrar kiya, jis ne isi baras Meerut aur phir Delhi par qabza kar liya. Juzjani ke mutabiq 590 Hijri (1193 ya 1194) mein sultan ne Chandwar ke qareeb Qannauj ke raja Jai Chand ko shikast di. Baad ke barson mein is ke sipah salar Gwalior aur Badayun tak pahunche, jabke Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji Bengal tak ja pahuncha.

Khwarizm se kashmakash aur aakhri ayyam

Maghrib mein soorat-e-haal mukhtalif thi. Ghiyasuddin 1203 mein Herat mein intiqal kar gaya aur Muhammad Ghori poori Ghori saltanat ka wahid sultan ban gaya. Isi douran Khwarizm shahi hukmranon se jang tez ho gayi, aur 1204 mein Andkhud ke maqam par Khwarizmiyon aur in ke halif Qara Khitai lashkar ke hathon ise sakht shikast hui. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is shikast ne Hindustan mein bhi baghawaton ko hawa di.

Juzjani ke mutabiq Koh-e-Jud ke Khokhron ne baghawat ki aur sultan sardiyon mein ise dabane ke liye Punjab aaya. Baghawat sakhti se kuchal di gayi. Wapsi par is ne Damyak (Dhamiak) ke maqam par ek nadi ke kinare parao kiya. Is ke darbari muarrikh Hasan Nizami ne Taj-ul-Maasir mein likha ke sham ki namaz ke douran chand hamla aawar is ke khaime tak pahunche aur ise kai gehre zakhm lagaye jin se woh jaan bar na ho saka. Yeh waqia 602 Hijri, yani March 1206 ka hai; aam taur par is ki tareekh 15 March 1206 batayi jati hai. Juzjani is qatl ka zimmedar Khokhar baghiyon ko thehrata hai, taham doosri qadeem riwayat mein hamla awaron ki shanakht mukhtalif batayi gayi hai. Is ki mayyat Ghazni le jayi gayi.

Warsa

Muhammad Ghori ki koi aulad-e-narina nahin thi. Is ne apne kai Turk ghulamon ko shahzadon ki tarah tarbiyat di thi aur Juzjani ne in mein se char ka zikr khaas taur par kiya hai jo baad mein badshah bane: Tajuddin Yildiz, Nasiruddin Qabacha, Shamsuddin Iltutmish aur Qutbuddin Aibak. Is ki wafat ke baad Yildiz Ghazni ka hukmran bana, Qabacha ne Multan aur Sindh mein hukumat qaim ki, aur Aibak ne Lahore aur Delhi mein woh hukumat qaim ki jo aage chal kar Delhi saltanat kehlayi. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq muarrikhin Tarain ki doosri larrai ko barre-saghir ki tareekh ka ek aham mor samajhte hain.

Muhammad Ghori ki zindagi fatuhat aur shikaston donon se bhari hui thi. Is ke baad shumali Hindustan mein jo siyasi dhancha ubhra, is ki bunyad isi ke daur mein pari.