Shah Jahan: Woh badshah jis ka daur Mughal fan-e-tameer ka sunehri zamana kehlaya

Agra ka Taj Mahal, Delhi ka Lal Qila aur Jama Masjid, aur Lahore ke Shalamar Bagh barr-e-saghir ki pehchan ban chuke hain. Yeh sab imaratein aik hi badshah ke daur ki yaadgar hain: Shahabuddin Muhammad Khurram, jo tareekh mein Shah Jahan (Shah Jahan) ke naam se mashhoor hue. Woh Mughalia khandan ke panchwein hukmran the aur 1628 se 1658 tak takht par rahe. Muarrikhin un ke daur ko Mughal fan-e-tameer ka urooj qarar dete hain, jabke isi daur mein saltanat ko qahat, sarhadi jangon aur aakhirkar jaanasheeni ki khoonrez kashmakash ka bhi samna raha.

Ibtidai zindagi

Shahzada Khurram 5 January 1592 ko Lahore mein paida hue. Woh Shahzada Salim, yani baad ke badshah Jahangir, ke teesre bete the aur un ki walida aik Rajput shahzadi thin. "Khurram" ka naam, jis ke maani "khush o khurram" ke hain, un ke dada Akbar ne rakha tha, jinhon ne unhein apni nigrani mein palwaya.

1612 mein un ki shadi Arjumand Banu Begum se hui jo Mumtaz Mahal ke naam se mashhoor huin. Jawani hi mein Khurram ne aik kamyab fauji commander ki shohrat hasil kar li. 1615 mein Mewar ke Rana Amar Singh ne un ki muhim ke nateeje mein Mughalon ki itaat qabool ki, aur 1617 mein Deccan ki kamyab muhim ke baad Jahangir ne un ki bari pazirai ki. Taham baad mein darbar ki siyasat mein ikhtilafat barhe aur 1622 mein Khurram ne apne walid ke khilaf baghawat ki, jo chand baras jari rahi aur nakam hui.

Takht nasheeni

October 1627 mein Jahangir ka inteqal hua to us waqt Khurram Deccan mein the. Un ke sasur aur saltanat ke wazir Asaf Khan ne un ki himayat mein fori iqdamat kiye. Muarrikh Banarsi Prasad Saksena ke mutabiq 19 January 1628 ko Asaf Khan ne un ke naam ka khutba parhwaya, aur isi ke sath takht ke deegar daawedaron, jin mein un ke bhai Shahryar aur bhatije shamil the, ko maut ki saza di gayi. 1628 ke awail mein Agra mein un ki baqaida taj poshi hui.

Saltanat ke muamalat aur Muhimmat

Shah Jahan ke daur ke ibtidai barson mein 1630 se 1632 ke douran Deccan, Gujarat aur Khandesh mein faslein musalsal nakam huin aur aik shadeed qahat para, jis ka zikr Angrez sayyah Peter Mundy ne bhi apne safarnamay mein kiya hai.

Deccan mein Shah Jahan ne Ahmednagar ki Nizam Shahi saltanat ka khatma kiya. 1630 ki dahai ke wasat mein Golconda aur Bijapur ki riyasaton ne Mughalon ki baladasti qabool kar li, aur Shah Jahan ne apne bete Aurangzeb ko Deccan ka subedar muqarrar kiya. Bengal mein 1632 mein Hugli ki Portuguese tijarati basti par qabza kiya gaya.

Shimal maghrib mein Kandahar aik bara masla raha. 1638 mein yeh shehar Mughalon ke qabze mein aaya, magar February 1649 mein Iran ke Safavi hukmranon ne ise wapas le liya. Saksena ke mutabiq Mughalon ne 1649 aur 1652 mein ise dobara hasil karne ki koshish ki magar nakam rahe. 1646 mein Mughal faujon ne wasti Asia mein Balkh aur Badakhshan par qabza kiya, lekin agle hi baras un ilaqon ko chhorna para.

Tameerat: Taj Mahal se Shahjahanabad tak

1631 mein Mumtaz Mahal ka Burhanpur mein inteqal hua. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq Shah Jahan ne un ke maqbare ke liye Agra mein darya-e-Jamuna ke janubi kinare par jagah khud muntakhib ki aur 1632 mein tameer shuru hui. Is project ke markazi memar Ustad Ahmad Lahori the, jabke imarat par qurani ayaat ki khattati Amanat Khan ne ki. History.com ke mutabiq is ki tameer mein Hindustan, Iran aur deegar ilaqon se bees hazar se zyada karigar aur mazdoor shareek hue, aur kaam taqriban do dahaiyon tak jari raha. Safed sang-e-marmar se bani is imarat mein qeemati pattharon ki jarai ki gayi hai jise "parchin kari" kaha jata hai. 1983 mein UNESCO ne Taj Mahal ko alami warsa qarar diya.

Shah Jahan ne Delhi mein aik naya shehar Shahjahanabad basaya, jis ke markaz mein surkh patthar ka qila, yani Lal Qila, tameer hua. World History Encyclopedia ke mutabiq is ka naqsha bhi Ustad Ahmad Lahori ne tayyar kiya. Saksena likhte hain ke qile ka mahal aik hi project ke tehat aik hi waqt mein tameer hua, aur is ke Diwan-e-Khas par Amir Khusro se mansoob yeh mashhoor sher darj kiya gaya ke agar zameen par kahin jannat hai to yahin hai. Qile ke samne buland chabutre par surkh patthar ki Jama Masjid tameer hui. Agra ke qile mein safed sang-e-marmar ki Moti Masjid bhi isi daur ki yaadgar hai.

Lahore mein Shah Jahan ke hukm se Shalamar Bagh lagaya gaya, jis ki mansooba bandi mein nehron ke mahir Ali Mardan Khan ka naam aata hai. Un ke darbar ki sab se mashhoor cheez "Takht-e-Taoos" tha. Saksena ke mutabiq takht nasheeni ke baad is ki tayyari ka hukm diya gaya aur yeh saat baras mein mukammal hua.

In tameerat aur jangon par bhari akhrajat bhi hue. BBC ke aik jaize ke mutabiq in akhrajat ne khazane par bojh dala aur taxon mein izafa karna para.

Aakhri ayyam

September 1657 mein Shah Jahan shadeed beemar hue aur un ke charon beton, Dara Shikoh, Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb aur Murad Bakhsh, ke darmiyan jaanasheeni ki jang chhir gayi. Is jang mein Aurangzeb kamyab hue aur 1658 mein unhon ne Shah Jahan ko Agra ke qile mein nazar band kar diya. History.com ke mutabiq wahan se Taj Mahal nazar aata tha. Un ki beti Jahan Ara Begum nazar bandi ke douran un ke sath rahin.

Taqriban aath baras ki nazar bandi ke baad 22 January 1666 ko Agra ke qile mein Shah Jahan ka inteqal hua. Unhein Taj Mahal mein Mumtaz Mahal ke pehlu mein dafn kiya gaya.

Warsa

Shah Jahan ka naam aaj zyada tar un ki imaraton ki wajah se zinda hai. Saksena ne Taj Mahal ko duniya ki khoobsurat tareen imaraton mein shumar kiya hai, aur UNESCO ki fehrist mein shamil hone ke baad yeh duniya ke sab se zyada dekhe jane wale maqamat mein se hai.

Un ka daur siyasi aitebar se nisbatan mustahkam aur saqafati taur par bharpoor tha, magar is ka ikhtitam jaanasheeni ki aik aisi jang par hua jis ne Mughalia saltanat ki agli nisf sadi ka rukh mutayyan kiya.