Shah Dinis: Portugal ka kisan badshah aur pehli university ka bani

Europe ke maghribi kinare par waqe Portugal mein ek badshah ko aaj bhi do alqab se yaad kiya jata hai: "Kisan badshah" (Rei Lavrador) aur "Shair badshah" (Rei Poeta). Yeh Shah Dinis (Dinis) the, jinhon ne 1279 se 1325 tak, yani taqriban chhiyalis baras hukumat ki. Britannica ke mutabiq unhon ne maeeshat ko behtar bana kar aur shahi ikhtiyar ko mazboot kar ke apni mamlikat ko mustahkam kiya, aur 1290 mein Portugal ki pehli university qaim ki.

Ibtidai zindagi

Britannica ke mutabiq Dinis 9 October 1261 ko paida hue. Woh Portugal ke badshah Afonso soim ke bete the. Un ki taleem aise darbar mein hui jis par France aur Castile donon ke saqafati asarat the, aur Britannica ke mutabiq woh khud ek achhe shair bane. Un ki walida Castile ke badshah Alfonso dahum ki beti thin. 1279 mein walid ki wafat ke baad Dinis badshah bane.

Sarhad ka taayun

Britannica ke mutabiq Dinis ek mahir muzakirat kar the aur unhon ne Castile ke sath Portugal ki ek hatmi sarhad tay ki. Yeh muahida 1297 mein Alcanices (Alcanices) ke maqam par hua, aur aam taur par bataya jata hai ke is muahide mein tay hone wali sarhad aaj tak Portugal aur Spain ki sarhad ki bunyad hai. Is ke baad donon mumalik ke darmiyan kai dahaiyon tak aman raha. Dinis ko bunyadi taur par ek muntazim samjha jata hai, na ke jangju badshah.

Kisan badshah

Dinis ka sab se mashhoor laqab "Kisan badshah" un ki zirai policyon ki wajah se hai. Britannica ke mutabiq woh zameen mein khas dilchaspi rakhte the, jangalat lagane ki hausla afzai karte the, aur mulk ke zirai wasail ko poori tarah taraqqi dena chahte the.

Is ki sab se mashhoor misal Leiria (Leiria) ke qareeb sanobar (pine) ka bara jangal hai. Aam taur par bataya jata hai ke Dinis ne yeh jangal is liye lagwaya ke sahil ki ret aage barh kar zirai zameenon ko kharab na kare, aur is ki lakri shahi jahazon ki tameer mein kaam aaye. Yeh jangal sadiyon tak qaim raha. Unhon ne kai qasbon mein baqaida mandiyan aur mele qaim kiye aur un ke qawaid muqarrar kiye, aur naye qasbe basaye.

Jahaz sazi aur tijarat

Britannica ke mutabiq Dinis jahaz sazi aur tijarat ki tawseeh aur tahaffuz mein bhi gehri dilchaspi rakhte the. Aam taur par bataya jata hai ke 1308 mein unhon ne England ke sath Portugal ka pehla tijarati muahida kiya, aur 1317 mein Genoa ke ek tajurba kar jahaz ran Manuel Pessanha (Manuel Pessanha) ko Portugali behri bere ka mauroosi amir-ul-bahr muqarrar kiya, is shart ke sath ke woh shahi jahazon ki kaman ke liye Genoa ke bees captain faraham karenge. Is tarah Portugal ke shahi behri bere ko ek mustaqil qiyadat mili.

Pehli university

Britannica ke mutabiq Dinis ne 1290 mein Lisbon mein Portugal ki pehli university qaim ki. Ise "Estudo Geral" (Estudo Geral) yani "aam dars gah" kaha jata tha, aur is mein funoon, qanoon aur tib ki taleem di jati thi. 1309 mein badshah ne ise muraat ka ek baqaida manshoor diya.

Yeh university baad mein Coimbra (Coimbra) muntaqil hui. UNESCO ke mutabiq Coimbra university terhween sadi ke aakhir mein ek dars gah ke taur par shuru hui, 1537 mein shahi mahal Alcacova mein mustaqil taur par qaim hui, aur saat sadiyon mein ek mukammal university shehar ban gayi. UNESCO ne ise alami wirsa qarar diya hai, aur is ke mutabiq is university ne Portugali bolne wali duniya mein taleem aur adab par gehra asar dala.

Zaban aur adab

Dinis ke daur mein Portugali zaban ko sarkari haisiyat mili. Aam taur par bataya jata hai ke unhon ne adalaton aur qanooni karrawaiyon mein Latin ki jagah awam ki zaban, yani Portugali, ke istemal ka hukm diya.

Woh khud Galician Portugali zaban ke shair the. Un ki likhi hui bahut si geet numa nazmein (cantiga) mehfooz hain, aur woh apne daur ke shuara aur gawayyon (troubadour) ke sarparast the. Unhon ne kai adabi aur ilmi kitabon ke is zaban mein tarjume bhi karaye.

Aakhri baras aur wafat

Britannica ke mutabiq Dinis ke aakhri baras un ke bete, mustaqbil ke Afonso chaharum, ki baghawat ki wajah se pareshani mein guzre. Britannica ke mutabiq Dinis ka intiqal 7 January 1325 ko hua, aur Afonso chaharum un ke janasheen bane. Un ki tadfeen Lisbon ke qareeb Odivelas (Odivelas) mein hui.

Wirsa

Dinis ne jangon ke bajaye intizam, zirat, tijarat aur taleem ke zariye apni pehchan banai. Tay shuda sarhad, Portugali zaban ki sarkari haisiyat, behri bere ki tanzeem aur pehli university, yeh sab un ke daur ke woh kaam hain jo sadiyon tak Portugal ki pehchan ka hissa rahe.